Introduction

Anxiety is a common and significant problem in patients who need to undergo colonoscopy^[1]. ​The efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in alleviating anxiety during the rehabilitation of chronic disease patients has been well-documented^[2]. However, limited evidence exists on the application of brief MBSR in patients with preoperative anxiety undergoing colonic endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and its potential effects on bispectral index (BIS).

Results & Findings

A total of 120 patients scheduled for colonoscopy-assisted colonic ESD at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2024 to December 2024 were enrolled （Approval No.2024-KY-1063-001）. Patients were randomly divided into two groups (n=60) using a random number table: the brief MBSR group (Group M) and the control group (Group C).
Compared with Group C, Group M exhibited significantly lower APAIS scores (21.28 ± 4.53 vs. 12.36 ± 2.90), reduced BIS values (96.42 ± 10.03 vs. 73.86 ± 3.60), and slower heart rates (HR: 85.52 ± 11.78 vs. 64.22 ± 4.54) at both T1 and T2. At T3, Group M also demonstrated lower APAIS scores (16.90 ± 1.78 vs. 15.30 ± 3.46) and higher patient satisfaction scores (10.00 ± 0.00 vs. 7.94 ± 0.87) (P < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in SBP, DBP,MAP, postoperative adverse events, or PACU recovery time at any time points (P > 0.05).

Summary & Discussion

Brief Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) reduces Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) scores. The underlying mechanism involves enhancing individuals' awareness and acceptance of the present moment^[3], modulating negative emotional responses, and elevating mindfulness levels, thereby alleviating preoperative anxiety.
MBSR reduces the BIS, and the proposed mechanism may involve a shift in dominant EEG activity from beta waves (associated with wakefulness and focused attention, BIS range 85–100) to alpha waves (linked to relaxation and closed-eye states, BIS range 65–85, median 70) and theta waves (observed during light sleep and REM sleep). This aligns with prior studies demonstrating that MBSR enhances alpha and theta wave activity in specific brain regions^[4].
Brief Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) significantly improved patient satisfaction. By replacing preoperative negative emotions such as tension and anxiety with mindful awareness, the intervention reduced anxiety-related adverse reactions[2]., enhanced procedural comfort and treatment adherence, and fostered a more positive humanistic care experience. These findings suggest that short-term MBSR serves as a valuable psychological adjunct to optimize patient-centered outcomes in clinical settings.

Conclusion

Brief MBSR effectively alleviated preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing colonic ESD, modulated the spectral components and neural oscillatory activity of EEG waves, and reduced BIS values.

References

[1]Chen YS, Feng GH, Yue QQ, Wang YF, Liu M, Zhao KH, Tang T, Huang MT, Yi WT, Yan HL, Yan JH, Zeng Y. Effects of non-pharmacological interventions on anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychosom Res. 2025 Apr;191:112065. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.112065. Epub 2025 Feb 19. PMID: 40043571.
[2]Xu L, Guan A, Huang Y. Effects of online mindfulness-based interventions on mental and physical health outcomes in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025 Mar 21;104(12):e41870. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000041870. PMID: 40128036; PMCID: PMC11936609.
[3]Reilly A, Sharif A, Bhagra O, Dominari A, Katsos K, Nathani KR, Johnson SE, Bydon M. Evaluation of mindfulness-based interventions for pain, anxiety, and depression in spinal cord injury patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2025 Apr;251:108839. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2025.108839. Epub 2025 Mar 10. PMID: 40080944.
[4]Lazarou I, Oikonomou VP, Mpaltadoros L, Grammatikopoulou M, Alepopoulos V, Stavropoulos TG, Bezerianos A, Nikolopoulos S, Kompatsiaris I, Tsolaki M; RADAR-AD Consortium. Eliciting brain waves of people with cognitive impairment during meditation exercises using portable electroencephalography in a smart-home environment: a pilot study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023 May 30;15:1167410. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1167410. PMID: 37388185; PMCID: PMC10306118.

Disclosure

The authors disclose no conflicts.

Introduction

Lymphocytes inhibit the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through immune surveillance within an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Reduced lymphocyte counts, often associated with systemic inflammation, have been implicated in facilitating tumor progression. In contrast, elevated monocyte counts have been reported to be associated with microvascular invasion and poor prognosis in patients with HCC. Therefore, a high lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), calculated by dividing the lymphocyte count by the monocyte count, is considered a favorable prognostic indicator and is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with HCC.

Aims & Methods

We assessed the utility of the LMR in predicting the prognosis of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma who were treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atezo/Bev). The study involved 941 patients who received Atezo/Bev treatment between September 2020 and February 2025. The median age was 74.0 years, and 754 were male. Performance status (PS) was distributed as follows: 741 patients with PS 0, 169 with PS 1, and 31 with PS ≥2. The liver background conditions were as follows: 149 patients with hepatitis B, 282 with hepatitis C, and 449 with non-hepatitis B or C (NBNC). Child-Pugh scores were distributed as follows: 522 patients with a score of 5, 254 with a score of 6, 67 with a score of 7, and 37 with a score of ≥8. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages were as follows: 77 patients with stage ≤A, 317 with stage B, and 547 with stage ≥C. The median values of key biomarkers were as follows: LMR: 3.33, NLR: 2.63, AFP: 34.1 ng/mL. The median observation period was 14.3 months. NLR was included in Model 1, and LMR was incorporated in Model 2 of the multivariate analysis.

Results

The progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.8 months, and the overall survival (OS) was 23.6 months. The optimal cutoff for LMR, determined via time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis based on median OS, was 3.6. The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 27.3% and 76.5%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis of PFS, Model 1 identified the following factors as significant: BMI (HR: 0.98), Child-Pugh score ≥7 (HR: 1.34), BCLC stage C or higher (HR: 1.23), Log AFP (HR: 1.16), second or later treatment line (HR: 1.19). In Model 2, LMR was included as a significant factor (HR: 0.94). For OS, the following factors were identified as significant: age (HR: 1.01), Child-Pugh score ≥7 (HR: 2.09), BCLC stage C or higher (HR: 1.24), Log AFP (HR: 1.28), second or later treatment line (HR: 1.24), and NLR (HR: 1.03). The integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) for NLR and LMR at PFS (at 3 and 6 months) was 0.012 (95% CI: 0.012). The net reclassification improvement (NRI) was 0.016 (95% CI: 0.006-0.030, p<0.001) at 3 months, 0.023 (95% CI: 0.006-0.030, p<0.001) at 6 months, and 0.023 (95% CI: 0.004-0.024, p<0.001) at 12 months. The IDI for NLR and LMR at OS (12 and 24 months) was 0.027 (95% CI: 0.011-0.049, p=0.002) and 0.034 (95% CI: 0.012-0.064, p<0.001), with LMR demonstrating superior performance. The NRI for OS at 12 and 24 months was 0.036 (95% CI: 0.016-0.062, p<0.001) and 0.053 (95% CI: 0.020-0.091, p<0.001), respectively, both favoring LMR. In the time-dependent ROC analysis, the area under the curve (AUROC) was higher for LMR compared to NLR throughout the study period, with the exception of PFS at 3 months and OS at 18 months.

Conclusion

The LMR serves as a valuable biomarker for predicting prognosis in patients receiving Atezo/Bev.

Disclosure

Toshifumi Tada: lecture fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Eisai, and Chugai
Atsushi Hiraoka: lecture fees from Eisai, Bayer, Eli Lilly, and Otsuka
Hidenori Toyoda: lecture fees from AbbVie, Eisai, Gilead, Terumo, and Bayer

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with limited therapeutic options available for unresectable cases. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment landscape. Among them, the combination of durvalumab (anti-PD-L1) and tremelimumab (anti-CTLA-4), collectively referred to as Dur/Tre, has demonstrated significant survival benefits in patients with advanced HCC. However, robust prognostic biomarkers specific to patients receiving Dur/Tre therapy have yet to be established. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a systemic marker of inflammation, has been correlated with prognosis in various malignancies, including HCC [1, 2].

Aims & Methods

This study aimed to assess the prognostic significance of baseline NLR in patients with unresectable HCC treated with Dur/Tre. This multicenter retrospective cohort study included 182 patients with unresectable HCC who received Dur/Tre therapy between May 2022 and June 2024. Eligibility criteria included the availability of baseline NLR data and complete clinical records. The treatment regimen comprised a single 300 mg dose of tremelimumab on day 1, followed by 1500 mg of durvalumab administered every four weeks. Primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Baseline NLR values were calculated, and the optimal cutoff for OS prediction was determined using hazard ratio (HR) spline curve analysis.

Results

The median age of patients was 74 years, and 82.9% were male. The median baseline NLR was 3.13. Dur/Tre was administered as first-line therapy in 29.7% of patients and as second-line or later therapy in 70.3%. The median PFS was 3.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7–4.4 months), while the median OS was not reached (95% CI: 12.1 months–not reached). Multivariate analysis identified administration of Dur/Tre after second-line treatment as an independent predictor of shorter PFS (HR: 1.819; p = 0.003). Notably, an NLR ≥2.56 independently predicted poorer OS (HR: 1.919; p = 0.039). Median OS was not reached in the low-NLR group (<2.56), whereas it was 12.1 months in the high- NLR group (≥2.56) (p = 0.016). A Sankey diagram revealed that patients with higher NLR were more likely to receive best supportive care (BSC) rather than subsequent anticancer therapies post-Dur/Tre (p = 0.046). Spline curve analysis identified an optimal NLR threshold range of 2.3–3.0 for OS prediction.

Conclusion

This large, real-world, multicenter study demonstrated that baseline NLR serves as a significant and independent prognostic biomarker for overall survival in patients with unresectable HCC undergoing Dur/Tre therapy. Higher baseline NLR values (≥2.56) were associated with reduced survival and a lower likelihood of receiving subsequent anticancer treatment, whereas patients with lower NLR values were more likely to continue active therapeutic interventions. These findings suggest that NLR may function not only as a prognostic indicator but also as a practical tool for therapeutic decision-making and patient stratification in clinical settings. Further prospective studies with extended follow-up are warranted to validate these findings and refine NLR-based stratification strategies to optimize immunotherapy outcomes in HCC.

References

1. Tada T, Kumada T, Hiraoka A, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with survival in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with Lenvatinib. Liver Int. 2020; 40: 968-976.
2. Tada T, Kumada T, Hiraoka A, et al. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predicts early outcomes in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab: a multicenter analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022; 34: 698-706.

Disclosure

Toshifumi Tada: lecture fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Eisai, and Chugai
Atsushi Hiraoka: lecture fees from Eisai, Bayer, Eli Lilly, and Otsuka
Hidenori Toyoda: lecture fees from AbbVie, Eisai, Gilead, Terumo, and Bayer

Introduction

Colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) or panenteric capsule endoscopy (PCE) offers a promising, non-invasive diagnostic approach for patients with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). However, high rates of conversion to conventional colonoscopy (CCC) following capsule procedures reduce cost-effectiveness and patient satisfaction. Optimising the faecal immunochemical test (FIT) threshold may improve patient stratification and reduce unnecessary conversions in future applications within the IDA diagnostic pathway.

Aims & Methods

This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of faecal immunochemical testing (FIT) in predicting colorectal cancer (CRC) and polyp burden in patients with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), and to extrapolate these findings to assess FIT’s utility in predicting the likelihood of conversion from CCE to conventional colonoscopy (CCC) based on underlying pathology in IDA.
The CLEAR IDA study was a multicentre, retrospective observational study conducted across four UK hospitals. Data were collected over a six-month study period and included patients referred via the two-week-wait (2WW) cancer pathway for iron deficiency, with or without anaemia, over a 12-month timeframe. Colonoscopy findings were analysed and extrapolated using NHS England’s CCE-to-colonoscopy referral criteria to assess the predictive value of FIT for colorectal cancer (CRC), polyp burden, and CCC using ROC curve analysis. The optimal FIT threshold was identified through three complementary approaches: threshold-based analysis, decision curve analysis, and cost-benefit modelling.

Results

A total of 1,531 patients were analysed; only 1.6% underwent small bowel capsule endoscopy. The diagnostic accuracy (AUC) of FIT for predicting CRC, polypoidal lesions, and CCC was 0.78, 0.58, and 0.69, respectively. Threshold-based analysis identified FIT = 15 µg/g as the lowest level at which CCC rates significantly increased (p = 0.02; OR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.07–3.14). Decision curve analysis showed maximum net benefit at FIT = 17.6 µg/g, while cost-benefit modelling identified 9 µg/g as the most cost-effective. An optimal cost-effective FIT threshold range was identified between 10 and 17.6 µg/g. Threshold selection should be tailored to local service capacity and resource availability.

Conclusion

Significant pathologies in the IDA pathway were uncommon. A FIT threshold range between 10–17 µg/g may enhance cost-effectiveness and guide appropriate PCE use in IDA.

References

1) Snook J, Bhala N, Beales ILP, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia in adults. Gut. 2021 Nov;70(11):2030-2051.
2) (NICE) NIFHACE. PillCam COLON 2 for investigation of the colon through direct visualisation: NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CARE EXCELLENCE; August 2024 [cited 2025 23/03/2025]; Diagnostics Assessment Programme]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/gid-dg10083/documents/final-scope-2
3) Turvill J, Haritakis M, Pygall S, et al. Multicentre Study of 10,369 Symptomatic Patients Comparing the Diagnostic Accuracy of Colon Capsule Endoscopy, Colonoscopy and CT Colonography. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2025 Feb 26;0:1–13.
4) Cilona A, Zullo A, Hassan C, et al. Is faecal-immunochemical test useful in patients with iron deficiency anaemia and without overt bleeding? Dig Liver Dis. 2011 Dec;43(12):1022-4.
5) Turvill JL, Turnock D, Cottingham D, et al. The Fast Track FIT study: diagnostic accuracy of faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin in patients with suspected colorectal cancer. Br J Gen Pract. 2021 Aug;71(709):e643-e651.

Introduction

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive autoimmune cholestatic liver disease often associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly ulcerative colitis [1]. In PSC, reduced expression and function of the bile acid receptor GPBAR1 (TGR5) in cholangiocytes is associated with a dysfunctional gut–liver immune axis and impaired resolution of inflammation [2,3]. Parallelly, the transcription factor RORγt in Th17 cells sustains IL-17 perpetuating IL-23-driven intestinal [4] and liver inflammation [5]. While GPBAR1 mediates anti-inflammatory responses to secondary bile acids, RORγt governs Th17 differentiation and cytokine secretion. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that IL-23 inhibitors, such as risankizumab [6] and mirikizumab [7], are effective in treating IBD, highlighting the significance of the IL-23/IL-17 axis. GPBAR1/RORγt dual simultaneous modulation represents a novel strategy to counteract the fibrotic and inflammatory environment characteristic of PSC.

Aims & Methods

We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of PBT002, a dual GPBAR1 agonist and RORγt inverse agonist, in modulating immune and fibrotic pathways in PSC. Transcriptomic distribution of target genes was assessed using publicly available single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets from healthy human livers [8]. Differential gene expression was validated in two independent cohorts of patients with PSC and PBC, and further confirmed in an external validation cohort (GSE159676). Functional studies were performed in vitro using primary human cholangiocytes (NHC), immortalized hepatic stellate cells (LX-2), primary monocyte-derived macrophages and CD4+ T lymphocytes. In vivo efficacy was assessed in Abcb4^⁻/⁻ mice treated with PBT002 (10 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks.

Results

Single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed that IL-17 and IL-23 cytokines are predominantly expressed by immune cells, whereas their receptors (IL23R, IL17RA, IL17RC, IL17RE) are enriched in epithelial cells, including hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Deconvolution analysis of liver bulk transcriptomes from PSC and PBC cohorts showed features of immune exhaustion, with a mild upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers and IL-17 receptor subunits, along with prominent overexpression of PD-L1, a known pro-fibrotic mediator. In vitro, exposure of hepatic stellate cells, macrophages, and CD4+ T cells to supernatants from inflamed cholangiocytes induced strong activation, which was reversed by PBT002 treatment. In vivo, PBT002 significantly reduced hepatocellular damage, as shown by decreased serum ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin levels. Histological analyses revealed marked reductions in periductal inflammation and liver fibrosis. Gene expression profiling confirmed significant downregulation of M1 and Th17-associated genes (Rorc, Il17f, Il22, Il23a) in colon and liver. Bile acid profiling showed restoration of key GPBAR1 agonists and RORγt antagonists (DCA, 3-oxo-DCA, allo-LCA), while microbiota analysis demonstrated increased abundance of protective taxa (e.g., Blautia, Sutterellaceae), inversely associated with disease severity.

Conclusion

PBT002 exerts potent immunomodulatory effects in experimental PSC by rebalancing M1/M2 and Th17/Treg homeostasis through dual GPBAR1 activation and RORγt inhibition. These effects correlate with restoration of bile acid and microbiota profiles, confirming the key role of the microbiota–bile acid–immune axis in PSC and supporting PBT002’s clinical development for immune-mediated cholangiopathies, particularly in PSC-IBD overlap.

References

1. Fiorucci, S. et al. Bile Acids-Based Therapies for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Current Landscape and Future Developments. Cells 13, (2024).
2. Di Giorgio, C. et al. Liver GPBAR1 Associates With Immune Dysfunction in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Its Activation Attenuates Cholestasis in Abcb4-/- Mice. Liver Int. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver 45, e16235 (2025).
3. Reich, M. et al. Downregulation of TGR5 (GPBAR1) in biliary epithelial cells contributes to the pathogenesis of sclerosing cholangitis. J. Hepatol. 75, 634–646 (2021).
4. Biagioli, M. et al. Development of dual GPBAR1 agonist and RORγt inverse agonist for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Pharmacol. Res. 208, 107403 (2024).
5. Garcia Moreno, A. S. et al. IL-17 signaling in primary sclerosing cholangitis patient-derived organoids. Hepatol. Commun. 8, (2024).
6. Louis, E. et al. Risankizumab for Ulcerative Colitis: Two Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA 332, 881–897 (2024).
7. D’Haens, G. et al. Mirikizumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 388, 2444–2455 (2023).
8. Andrews, T. S. et al. Single-Cell, Single-Nucleus, and Spatial RNA Sequencing of the Human Liver Identifies Cholangiocyte and Mesenchymal Heterogeneity. Hepatol. Commun. 6, 821–840 (2022).

Introduction

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)^1,2 requires close monitoring to detect flare ups early and guide treatment. While endoscopy is the gold standard, it is invasive, costly, and uncomfortable^1,2. Intestinal Ultrasound (IUS) is a non-invasive alternative with strong correlation to endoscopic findings—especially bowel wall thickness (BWT), a marker of disease activity³. Nevertheless, IUS remains limited due to operator dependence and a steep learning curve⁴.
AI has improved consistency in other domains, e.g. endoscopic evaluation, but its application to IUS in IBD remains underexplored. Prior models lack interpretability and require manual image cropping, or are trained on ideal, selected data, limiting clinical use^5,6.

Aims & Methods

We aim to develop a deep-learning model that automatically identifies and paints the bowel wall and measures BWT directly from raw clinical IUS images.
A training dataset of 570 images from 144 IUS videos and a testing dataset of 55 images from 55 separate exams were created. All images were extracted from previously performed IUS examinations reflecting real-world variation, including e.g. unclear boundaries and artefacts.
All images were annotated by International Bowel Ultrasound Group (IBUS) certified experts, including outline-paintings of the inner and outer bowel wall and two BWT measurements.
The AI consists of a combination of Convolutional neural networks and other image processing algorithms.
Evaluation included BWT error against the expert mean, classification accuracy using the standard IBUS 3 mm threshold³, and a leave-one-out comparison with individual doctors.

Results

The model produced predictions on 54 of 55 test images.
The model deviated from the gold standard mean by 0.98 mm (SD 1.1 mm) per image on the regression task. The average distance to expert-defined bounds was 0.44 mm (SD 0.89 mm), with 59% of predictions inside this range.
For classification (using a 3 mm threshold), the model reached an accuracy of 0.77, sensitivity of 0.69, specificity of 0.94, and Cohen’s Kappa of 0.56.
In the leave-one-out analysis, expert performance ranged from 0.89–0.93 accuracy and 0.79–0.83 Kappa. Depending on which expert was excluded from the gold standard, the model achieved 0.74–0.80 accuracy and 0.49–0.60 Kappa. Experts stayed within expert-defined bounds in 72–81% of cases, while the model did so in 46–55%.

Conclusion

Clinically, the model performed well. An error of 0.5–1 mm is negligible in practice and matches typical variation in manual measurements. Many real-world test images had BWT values near the 3 mm threshold, so small deviations led to misclassifications. In practice, a 2.5 mm reading could still raise concerns based on symptoms³.
While the system alone cannot provide expert-level BWT measurements, it could provide assistance to experts as well as non-expert and junior doctors, especially in locating the bowel, which is an essential part of IUS.
The model works on unprocessed clinical data, with the only selection criteria being that there is an identifiable bowel segment, measurable by an IBUS-certified doctor. Allowing the images to reflect realistic conditions
In summary, we developed an AI model that identifies the bowel and measures BWT with acceptable accuracy. We have already started the processes of collecting video data, to extend the AI’s functionality to a fully clinical setting.

References

1. Torres J, Mehandru S, Colombel JF, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Crohn’s disease. The Lancet. 2017;389(10080):1741-1755. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31711-1
2. Ungaro R, Mehandru S, Allen PB, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Colombel JF. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 2017;389(10080):1756-1770. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32126-2
3. Novak KL, Group I, Nylund K, et al. Expert Consensus on Optimal Acquisition and Development of the International Bowel Ultrasound Segmental Activity Score [IBUS-SAS]: A Reliability and Inter-rater Variability Study on Intestinal Ultrasonography in Crohn’s Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2021;15(4):609-616. doi:10.1093/ECCO-JCC/JJAA216
4 Bove L, Meyer J, Collins M, Frampas E, Bourreille A, Le Berre C. Understanding the learning curve of intestinal ultrasound in inflammatory bowel disease: A comparative study between novice, regular, and expert. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2025;49(3):102548. doi:10.1016/J.CLINRE.2025.102548
5. Kumaralingam L, Le May K, Dang VB, Alavi J, Huynh HQ, Le LH. Artificial intelligence-assisted approach to assessing bowel wall thickness in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease using intestinal ultrasound images. J Crohns Colitis. 2025;19(4). doi:10.1093/ECCO-JCC/JJAF037
6. Carter D, Albshesh A, Shimon C, et al. Automatized Detection of Crohn’s Disease in Intestinal Ultrasound Using Convolutional Neural Network. Inflamm Bowel Dis. February 2023:1-6. doi:10.1093/IBD/IZAD014