Ten years of clinical insight, compiled.

Topic: Endoscopy

Authors: Arnaud Lemmers and Jacques Devière

Affiliation: Arnaud Lemmers is Head of Clinic, GI Endoscopy, Hospital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. Jacques Devière is former Head of Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.

Correspondence: arnaud.lemmers@erasme.ulb.ac.be

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/HJFyglfu17eA

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Cameron AJ, Higgins JA. Linear gastric erosion. A lesion associated with large diaphragmatic hernia and chronic blood loss anemia. Gastroenterology. 1986; 91: 338-342. [ Link ]
2. Camus M, et al. Severe upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage from linear gastric ulcers in large hiatal hernias: a large prospective case series of Cameron ulcers. Endoscopy 2013; 45: 397–400. [ Link ]
3. Lara LF, et al. Dieulafoy lesions of the GI tract: localization and therapeutic outcomes. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 3436–3441. [ Link ]
4. Baxter M and Aly EH. Dieulafoy's lesion: current trends in diagnosis and management. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2010; 92: 548–554. [ Link ]
5. Hirano I. 2015 David Y Graham Lecture: The first two decades of eosinophilic esophagitis—from acid reflux to food allergy. Am J Gastro 2016; 111: 770–776. [ Link ]
6. Vahabzadeh B, et al. Validation of the Prague C and M criteria for the endoscopic grading of Barrett’s esophagus by gastroenterology trainees: a multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75: 236–241. [ Link ]

Topic: Gastroscopy

Authors: Jochen Weigt and Arne Kandulski

Affiliation: Jochen Weigt is a Professor and Section leader of Endoscopy at the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44 39120 Magdeburg, Germany. Arne Kandulski is Head of the University Endoscopy Department at the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.

Correspondence: Jochen.Weigt@med.ovgu.de

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/sfsGTLX3Rybn

Conflicts of Interest: JW receives honorary for lectures and research grant from Fujifilm Europe. AK receives speaker, consultancy and advisory board fees from Roche Pharma AG, Eisai GmbH, Abbvie Deutschland, Janssen-Cilag, Boston Scientific Corp., Micro-Tech Europe, Bayer Vital GmbH, and Bristol Myers Squibb.

References:

1. Ho S-H, Uedo N, Aso A, et al. Development of Image-enhanced Endoscopy of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review of History and Current Evidences. Journal of clinical gastroenterology 2018; 52: 295-306. [ Link ]
2. Zhao Z, Yin Z, Wang S, et al. Meta-analysis: The diagnostic efficacy of chromoendoscopy for early gastric cancer and premalignant gastric lesions. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 2016; 31: 1539-45. [ Link ]
3. Kikuste I, Marques-Pereira R, Monteiro-Soares M, et al. Systematic review of the diagnosis of gastric premalignant conditions and neoplasia with high-resolution endoscopic technologies. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 2013; 48: 1108-17. [ Link ]
4. Pimentel-Nunes P, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Soares JB, et al. A multicenter validation of an endoscopic classification with narrow band imaging for gastric precancerous and cancerous lesions. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 236-46. [ Link ]
5. Dias-Silva D, Pimentel-Nunes P, Magalhaes J, et al. The learning curve for narrow-band imaging in the diagnosis of precancerous gastric lesions by using Web-based video. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2014; 79: 910-20; quiz 983-e1, 983.e4. [ Link ]
6. Esposito G, Pimentel-Nunes P, Angeletti S, et al. Endoscopic grading of gastric intestinal metaplasia (EGGIM): a multicenter validation study. Endoscopy 2019; 51: 515-521. [ Link ]
7. Shu X, Wu G, Zhang Y, et al. Diagnostic value of linked color imaging based on endoscopy for gastric intestinal metaplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of translational medicine 2021; 9: 506. [ Link ]
8. Zhang G, Zheng J, Zheng L, et al. Gastric intestinal metaplasia assessment between linked color imaging based on endoscopy and pathology. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 2021; 56: 103-110. [ Link ]
9. Subramaniam S, Kandiah K, Schoon E, et al. Development and validation of the international Blue Light Imaging for Barrett's Neoplasia Classification. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2020; 91: 310-320. [ Link ]
10. de Groof AJ, Fockens KN, Struyvenberg MR, et al. Blue-light imaging and linked-color imaging improve visualization of Barrett's neoplasia by nonexpert endoscopists. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2020; 91: 1050-1057. [ Link ]

Topic: Cholangioscopy

Authors: Malina Wiesand, Paraskevas Gkolfakis and Marianna Arvanitakis

Affiliation: MW is at the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Illustrations: J. Shadwell Correspondence to: pgolfakis@gmail.com Clarunis University Digestive Health Care Center, Basel, Switzerland; PG is at the Department of Gastroenterology, “Konstantopouleio-Patision” General Hospital, Athens, Greece; MA is at the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepato Pancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Erasme Hospital HUB, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

Correspondence: pgolfakis@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/hWFo9Cdm3fvF

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

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3. Karagyozov P, Boeva I and Tishkov I. Role of digital single-operator cholangioscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary disorders. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 11: 31-40. [ Link ]
4. Mauro A, Mazza S, Scalvini D, et al. The Role of Cholangioscopy in Biliary Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13. [ Link ]
5. Subhash A, Abadir A, Iskander JM, et al. Applications, Limitations, and Expansion of Cholangioscopy in Clinical Practice. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2021; 17: 110-120. [ Link ]
6. Subhash A, Buxbaum JL and Tabibian JH. Peroral cholangioscopy: Update on the state-of-the-art. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 14: 63-76. [ Link ]
7. Moon JH, Terheggen G, Choi HJ, et al. Peroral Cholangioscopy: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 276-282. [ Link ]
8. Itoi T, Reddy DN, Sofuni A, et al. Clinical evaluation of a prototype multi-bending peroral direct cholangioscope. Digestive Endoscopy 2014; 26: 100-107. [ Link ]
9. Nabi Z and Reddy DN. Multidisciplinary Approach to Indeterminate Biliary Strictures. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2022; 32: 411-425. [ Link ]
10. Shima Y, Sugiyama H, Ogasawara S, et al. Diagnostic value of peroral cholangioscopy in addition to computed tomography for indeterminate biliary strictures. Surg Endosc 2022; 36: 3408-3417. [ Link ]
11. Rösch T, Meining A, Frühmorgen S, et al. A prospective comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of ERCP, MRCP, CT, and EUS in biliary strictures. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 870-876. [ Link ]
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15. Lee YN, Moon JH, Choi HJ, et al. Tissue acquisition for diagnosis of biliary strictures using peroral cholangioscopy or endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. Endoscopy 2019; 51: 50-59. [ Link ]
16. Tyberg A, Raijman I, Siddiqui A, et al. Digital Pancreaticocholangioscopy for Mapping of Pancreaticobiliary Neoplasia: Can We Alter the Surgical Resection Margin? J Clin Gastroenterol 2019; 53: 71-75. [ Link ]
17. Phillpotts S, Webster G and Arvanitakis M. Endoscopic Management of Complex Biliary Stones. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2022; 32: 477-492. [ Link ]
18. Angsuwatcharakon P, Kulpatcharapong S, Moon JH, et al. Consensus guidelines on the role of cholangioscopy to diagnose indeterminate biliary stricture. HPB (Oxford) 2022; 24: 17-29. [ Link ]
19. Othman MO, Guerrero R, Elhanafi S, et al. A prospective study of the risk of bacteremia in directed cholangioscopic examination of the common bile duct. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 83: 151-157. [ Link ]
20. Thosani N, Zubarik RS, Kochar R, et al. Prospective evaluation of bacteremia rates and infectious complications among patients undergoing single-operator choledochoscopy during ERCP. Endoscopy 2016; 48: 424-431. [ Link ]
21. Turowski F, Hügle U, Dormann A, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy with SpyGlassDS™: results of a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Surg Endosc 2018; 32: 3981-3988. [ Link ]
22. Sethi A, Chen YK, Austin GL, et al. ERCP with cholangiopancreatoscopy may be associated with higher rates of complications than ERCP alone: a single-center experience. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 251-256. [ Link ]
23. Gustafsson A, Enochsson L, Tingstedt B, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis and post-procedure infectious complications in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with peroral cholangioscopy. Endosc Int Open 2023; 11: E1177-e1183. [ Link ]
24. Chon HK, Choi KH, Seo SH, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangioscopy with the Spyglass DS Direct Visualization System in Patients with Surgically Altered Anatomy: A Pilot Study. Gut Liver 2022; 16: 111-117. [ Link ]
25. Khara HS, Parvataneni S, Park S, et al. Review of ERCP Techniques in Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Patients: Highlight on the Novel EUS-Directed Transgastric ERCP (EGDE) Technique. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2021; 23: 10. [ Link ]
26. Tarantino I and Rizzo GEM. Biliopancreatic Endoscopy in Altered Anatomy. Medicina (Kaunas) 2021; 57. [ Link ]
27. Parsi MA. Direct peroral cholangioscopy. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 6: 1-5. [ Link ]
28. Chen YK, Parsi MA, Binmoeller KF, et al. Single-operator cholangioscopy in patients requiring evaluation of bile duct disease or therapy of biliary stones (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 805-814. [ Link ]
29. Laleman W, Verraes K, Van Steenbergen W, et al. Usefulness of the single-operator cholangioscopy system SpyGlass in biliary disease: a single-center prospective cohort study and aggregated review. Surg Endosc 2017; 31: 2223-2232. [ Link ]
30. Lin CC, Chen CJ, Chu CH, et al. Evaluating the feasibility of direct peroral cholangioscopy training with an endoscopic simulator. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57: 2016-2021. [ Link ]
31. Alameel T, Bain V and Sandha G. Clinical application of a single-operator direct visualization system improves the diagnostic and therapeutic yield of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Can J Gastroenterol 2013; 27: 15-19. [ Link ]
32. Arvanitakis M. Digital single-operator cholangioscopy-guided biopsy for indeterminate biliary strictures: Seeing is believing? Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91: 1114-1116. [ Link ]
33. Pouw RE, Barret M, Biermann K, et al. Endoscopic tissue sampling - Part 1: Upper gastrointestinal and hepatopancreatobiliary tracts. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2021; 53: 1174-1188. [ Link ]
34. Seo DW, Lee SK, Yoo KS, et al. Cholangioscopic findings in bile duct tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 52: 630-634. [ Link ]
35. Wen LJ, Chen JH, Xu HJ, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Digital Single-Operator Cholangioscopy in the Diagnosis of Indeterminate Biliary Strictures by Targeted Biopsies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10. [ Link ]
36. Fujii-Lau LL, Thosani NC, Al-Haddad M, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on the role of endoscopy in the diagnosis of malignancy in biliary strictures of undetermined etiology: summary and recommendations. Gastrointest Endosc 2023; 98: 685-693. [ Link ]
37. Gerges C, Beyna T, Tang RSY, et al. Digital single-operator peroral cholangioscopy-guided biopsy sampling versus ERCP-guided brushing for indeterminate biliary strictures: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91: 1105-1113. [ Link ]
38. Sethi A, Doukides T, Sejpal DV, et al. Interobserver agreement for single operator choledochoscopy imaging: can we do better? Diagn Ther Endosc 2014; 2014: 730731. [ Link ]
39. Jang S, Stevens T, Kou L, et al. Efficacy of digital single-operator cholangioscopy and factors affecting its accuracy in the evaluation of indeterminate biliary stricture. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91: 385-393.e381. [ Link ]
40. Almadi MA, Itoi T, Moon JH, et al. Using single-operator cholangioscopy for endoscopic evaluation of indeterminate biliary strictures: results from a large multinational registry. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 574-582. [ Link ]
41. Gerhards MF, Vos P, van Gulik TM, et al. Incidence of benign lesions in patients resected for suspicious hilar obstruction. Br J Surg 2001; 88: 48-51. [ Link ]
42. Matsumori T, Uza N, Okada H, et al. Innovative method for the diagnosis of bile duct lesions using a novel tapered-tip sheath system to facilitate biliary biopsies. Gastrointest Endosc 2023; 98: 43-50.e41. [ Link ]
43. Bang JY, Navaneethan U, Hasan M, et al. Optimizing Outcomes of Single-Operator Cholangioscopy-Guided Biopsies Based on a Randomized Trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18: 441-448.e441. [ Link ]
44. Manti M, Shah J, Papaefthymiou A, et al. Endoscopic Management of Difficult Biliary Stones: An Evergreen Issue. Medicina (Kaunas) 2024; 60. [ Link ]
45. Seitz U, Bapaye A, Bohnacker S, et al. Advances in therapeutic endoscopic treatment of common bile duct stones. World J Surg 1998; 22: 1133-1144. [ Link ]
46. Manes G, Paspatis G, Aabakken L, et al. Endoscopic management of common bile duct stones: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy 2019; 51: 472-491. [ Link ]
47. Watson RR, Parsi MA, Aslanian HR, et al. Biliary and pancreatic lithotripsy devices. VideoGIE 2018; 3: 329-338. [ Link ]
48. Lee TH, Moon JH, Lee YN, et al. A Preliminary Study on the Efficacy of Single-Operator Cholangioscopy with a New Basket for Residual Stone Retrieval After Mechanical Lithotripsy. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67: 2571-2576. [ Link ]
49. Fugazza A, Gabbiadini R, Tringali A, et al. Digital single-operator cholangioscopy in diagnostic and therapeutic bilio-pancreatic diseases: A prospective, multicenter study. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54: 1243-1249. [ Link ]
50. McCarty TR, Gulati R and Rustagi T. Efficacy and safety of peroral cholangioscopy with intraductal lithotripsy for difficult biliary stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopy 2021; 53: 110-122. [ Link ]

Topic: Capsule endoscopy

Authors: Cristina Carretero and Reena Sidhu

Affiliation: Cristina Carretero is a Gastroenterologist at University of Navarra Clinic, Pamplona, Spain. Reena Sidhu is a Consultant Gastroenterologist & Hon Sen Lecturer University of Sheffield. FRCP MD. Academic unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.

Correspondence: ccarretero@unav.es ; reena.sidhu@sth.nhs.uk

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/cTQrDVFIYZt2

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Pennazio M, Spada C, Eliakim R, et al. Small-bowel capsule endoscopy and device-assisted enteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel disorders: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 352–386. [ Link ]
2. Maiden L, Thjodleifsson B, Seigal A, et al. Long-Term Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Cyclooxygenase-2 Selective Agents on the Small Bowel: A Cross- Sectional Capsule Enteroscopy Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 1040–1045. [ Link ]
3. Sidhu R, Brunt LK, Morley SR, et al. Undisclosed use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may underlie small-bowel injury observed by capsule endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 992–995. [ Link ]
4. Liao Z, Gao R, Xu C, et al. Indications and detection, completion, and retention rates of small-bowel capsule endoscopy: a systematic review. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 280–286. [ Link ]
5. Rondonotti E, Spada C, Adler S, et al. Small-bowel capsule endoscopy and device-assisted enteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel disorders: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Technical Review. Endoscopy 2018; 50: 423–446. [ Link ]
6. Nemeth A, Kopylov U, Koulaouzidis A, et al. Use of patency capsule in patients with established Crohn’s disease. Endoscopy 2016; 48: 373–379. [ Link ]

Topic: Tissue acquisition during endoscopy

Authors: Richard Azevedo and Mário Dinis-Ribeiro

Affiliation: Richard Azevedo and Mário Dinis-Ribeiro are at the Department of Gastroenterology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Portugal.

Correspondence: mdinisribeiro@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/vyj1ze2vPLYZ

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Ono S, Fujishiro M, Kodashima S, et al. Evaluation of safety of endoscopic biopsy without cessation of antithrombotic agents in Japan. Journal of Gastroenterology 2012; 47: 770–774. [ Link ]
2. Whitson MJ, Dikman AE, von Althann C, et al. Is gastroduodenal biopsy safe in patients receiving aspirin and clopidogrel?: a prospective, randomized study involving 630 biopsies. Journal of clinical gastroenterology 2011; 45: 228–33. [ Link ]
3. Veitch AM, Radaelli F, Alikhan R, et al. Endoscopy in patients on antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy: British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline update. Gut 2021; 70: 1611–1628. [ Link ]
4. Acosta RD, Abraham NS, Chandrasekhara V, et al. The management of antithrombotic agents for patients undergoing GI endoscopy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2016; 83: 3–16. [ Link ]
5. Sancho-Poch FJ, Balanîzo J, Ocaña J, et al. An evaluation of gastric biopsy in the diagnosis of gastric cancer. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1978; 24: 281–282. [ Link ]
6. Misumi A, Mori K, Ikeda T, et al. Evaluation of fibergastroscopic biopsy in the diagnosis of gastric cancer: a study of 339 cases. Gastroenterologia Japonica 1978; 13: 255–63. [ Link ]
7. Lal N, Bhasin DK, Malik AK, et al. Optimal number of biopsy specimens in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the oesophagus. Gut 1992; 33: 724–726. [ Link ]
8. Choi Y, Choi HS, Jeon WK, et al. Optimal Number of Endoscopic Biopsies in Diagnosis of Advanced Gastric and Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2012; 27: 36–39. [ Link ]
9. Pimenta-Melo AR, Monteiro-Soares M, Libânio D, et al. Missing rate for gastric cancer during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology 2016; 28: 1041–9. [ Link ]
10. Pouw RE, Barret M, Biermann K, et al. Endoscopic tissue sampling - Part 1: Upper gastrointestinal and hepatopancreatobiliary tracts. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2021; 53: 1174–1188. [ Link ]
11. Pouw RE, Bisschops R, Gecse KB, et al. Endoscopic tissue sampling - Part 2: Lower gastrointestinal tract. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2021; 53: 1261–1273. [ Link ]
12. Han KS, Sohn DK, Choi DH, et al. Prolongation of the period between biopsy and EMR can influence the nonlifting sign in endoscopically resectable colorectal cancers. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2008; 67: 97–102. [ Link ]

Topic: Colonoscopy

Authors: Manmeet Matharoo, Srivathsan Ravindran and Siwan Thomas-Gibson

Affiliation: Manmeet Matharoo is a consultant Gastroenterologist at St Mark’s Hospital, London. Srivathsan Ravindran is a research fellow based at St Mark’s Hospital, Imperial College London and the Joint Advisory Group on Gastrointestinal endoscopy (JAG), London, UK. Siwan Thomas-Gibson is a gastroenterologist and specialist endoscopist and Deputy Director of Bowel Cancer Screening at St Mark’s Hospital, London, London, UK. She was the appointed Dean of St Mark’s Hospital Academic Institute in 2019-2021.

Correspondence: m.matharoo@nhs.net

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/7WbNZU9z8WbQ

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Rees CJ, Trebble TM, Wagner CV, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology position statement on patient experience of GI endoscopy. Gut 2020; 69: 1718–1719. [ Link ]
2. Maurice JB, Rochford A, Marshall S, et al. Green endoscopy: using quality improvement to develop sustainable practice. Frontline Gastroenterology 2022; 13: 342–345. [ Link ]
3. British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI), and Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (AUGIS). Guidance on the indications for diagnostic upper gi endoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. 2013. [ Link ]
4. Ravindran S, Haycock A, Woolf K, et al. Development and impact of an endoscopic non-technical skills (ENTS) behavioural marker system. BMJ simulation & technology enhanced learning 2020; 7: 17–25. [ Link ]
5. Hicks M MS Caitlin W. Improving Safety and Quality of Care With Enhanced Teamwork Through Operating Room Briefings. JAMA Surgery 2014; 149: 863–868. [ Link ]
6. Matharoo M, Thomas-Gibson S, Haycock A, et al. Implementation of an endoscopy safety checklist. Frontline Gastroenterology 2014; 5: 260–265. [ Link ]
7. Gralnek IM, Bisschops R, Matharoo M, et al. Guidance for the implementation of a safety checklist for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA) Position Statement. Endoscopy 2022; 54: 206–210. [ Link ]
8. Ching H-L, Lau MS, Azmy IA, et al. Performance measures for the SACRED team-centered approach to advanced gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Quality Improvement Initiative. Endoscopy 2022; 54: 712–722. [ Link ]
9. Everett SM, Griffiths H, Nandasoma U, et al. Guideline for obtaining valid consent for gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures. Gut 2016; 65: 1585–1601. [ Link ]
10. Choy MC, Matharoo M, Thomas-Gibson S. Diagnostic ileocolonoscopy: getting the basics right. Frontline Gastroenterology 2020; 11: 484–490. [ Link ]
11. Gavin DR, Valori RM, Anderson JT, et al. The national colonoscopy audit: a nationwide assessment of the quality and safety of colonoscopy in the UK. Gut 2013; 62: 242–249. [ Link ]
12. Anderson R, Burr NE, Valori R. Causes of Post-Colonoscopy Colorectal Cancers Based on World Endoscopy Organization System of Analysis. Gastroenterology 2020; 158: 1287-1299.e2. [ Link ]
13. Kaminski MF, Thomas-Gibson S, Bugajski M, et al. Performance measures for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy: a European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) quality improvement initiative. UEG Journal 2017; 5: 309–334. [ Link ]
14. Kaminski MF, Wieszczy P, Rupinski M, et al. Increased Rate of Adenoma Detection Associates With Reduced Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Death. Gastroenterology 2017; 153: 98–105. [ Link ]
15. Manfredi MA, Dayyeh BKA, Bhat YM, et al. Electronic chromoendoscopy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2015; 81: 249–261. [ Link ]
16. Repici A, Spadaccini M, Antonelli G, et al. Artificial intelligence and colonoscopy experience: lessons from two randomised trials. Gut 2022; 71: 757–765. [ Link ]
17. Kröner PT, Engels MM, Glicksberg BS, et al. Artificial intelligence in gastroenterology: A state-of-the-art review. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2021; 27: 6794–6824. [ Link ]
18. Siau K, Crossley J, Dunckley P, et al. Direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) assessment in diagnostic gastroscopy: nationwide evidence of validity and competency development during training. Surgical Endoscopy 2019; 34: 105–114. [ Link ]
19. Ravindran S, Matharoo M, Coleman M, et al. Teamworking in endoscopy: a human factors toolkit for the COVID-19 era. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 879–883. [ Link ]
20. Ravindran S, Healey C, Coleman M, et al. Validation of the TEAM-ENTS (teamwork in endoscopy assessment module for endoscopic non-technical skills) framework. Endoscopy 2022; 54: S171. [ Link ]
21. Lee TJ, Siau K, Esmaily S, et al. Development of a national automated endoscopy database: The United Kingdom National Endoscopy Database (NED). UEG Journal 2019; 7: 798–806. [ Link ]
22. Rey JF, Lambert R, ESGE Quality Assurance Committee. ESGE recommendations for quality control in gastrointestinal endoscopy: guidelines for image documentation in upper and lower GI endoscopy. Endoscopy 2001; 33: 901–3. [ Link ]

Topic: Endoscopic resection

Authors: Francesco Auriemma and Alessandro Repici

Affiliation: Francesco Auriemma and Alessandro Repici are at the Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy. Alessandro Repici is also at the Humanitas University, Rozzano, MI, Italy.

Correspondence: francesco.auriemma@humanitas.it

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/kG0n1LlVhG2z

Conflicts of Interest: None

Online Video 1: https://youtu.be/G2I8XTtYVqc?feature=shared

References:

1. Moss A, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection outcomes and prediction of submucosal cancer from advanced colonic mucosal neoplasia. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 1909-1918. [ Link ]
2. Rex DK, Hassan C, Bourke MJ. The colonoscopist's guide to the vocabulary of colorectal neoplasia: histology, morphology, and management. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2017; 86: 253-263. [ Link ]
3. Klein A and Bourke MJ. How to perform high-quality endoscopic mucosal resection during colonoscopy. Gastroenterology 2017; 152: 466-471. [ Link ]
4. Fahrtash-Bahin F et al. Snare tip soft coagulation achieves effective and safe endoscopic hemostasis during wide-field endoscopic resection of large colonic lesions (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 78: 158-163. [ Link ]
5. Burgess NG et al. Risk factors for intraprocedural and clinically significant delayed bleeding after wide-field endoscopic mucosal resection of large colonic lesions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12: 651-661.e3. [ Link ]

Topic: Polypectomy

Authors: Lynn Debels and David J. Tate

Affiliation: Lynn Debels is a gastroenterologist and a fellow in Interventional Endoscopy at the University Hospital of Ghent, C Heymanslaan 10, Belgium. David J. Tate is a British Interventional Endoscopist at theUniversity Hospital of Ghent, C Heymanslaan 10, Belgium

Correspondence: djtate@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/6cv1x6VUA7NL

Conflicts of Interest: DJT consulting fees and research support from Olympus Medical. LD no conflicts of interest.

References:

1. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. The National Polyp Study Workgroup. The New England journal of medicine 1993; 329: 1977–81. [ Link ]
2. Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O'Brien MJ, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. The New England journal of medicine 2012; 366: 687–96. [ Link ]
3. Anderson R, Burr NE, Valori R. Causes of post-colonoscopy colorectal cancers based on World Endoscopy Organization system of analysis. Gastroenterology 2020; 158: 1287–99.e2. [ Link ]
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30. Sidhu M, Tate DJ, Desomer L, et al. The size, morphology, site, and access score predicts critical outcomes of endoscopic mucosal resection in the colon. Endoscopy 2018; 50: 684–92. [ Link ]
31. Anderson J, Lockett M. Training in therapeutic endoscopy: meeting present and future challenges. Frontline gastroenterology 2019; 10: 135–40. [ Link ]
32. Sidhu M, Tate DJ, Desomer L, et al. SMSA-EMR score is a novel endoscopic risk assessment tool for predicting critical endoscopic mucosal resection outcomes. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2018; 87: AB467–8. [ Link ]
33. The Gastrointestinal Quality and Safety Foundation [Internet]. Brussels: GIEQs Online Educational Platform; c2022 [cited 2022 Aug 18]. Lecture regarding competency in polypectomy covering SMSA and SMSA+ scores in practice; [starts at Chapter 17]. [ Link ]
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Topic: Colorectal cancer

Authors: Joaquín Castillo-Iturra, Antoni Castells and Francesc Balaguer

Affiliation: Joaquín Castillo-Iturra, Antoni Castells and Francesc Balaguer are at the Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) and the Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salud, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain

Correspondence: CASTELLS@clinic.cat ; FPRUNES@clinic.cat

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/0zX4pUOs8f0h

Conflicts of Interest: None

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15. Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O'Brien MJ, et al. Colonoscopic Polypectomy and Long-Term Prevention of Colorectal-Cancer Deaths. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 687-696. [ Link ]
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Topic: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease diagnosis

Authors: Sabine Roman and François Mion

Affiliation: Sabine Roman and François Mion are at the Department of Digestive Physiology, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon I University, Lyon, France.

Correspondence: sabine.roman@chu-lyon.fr

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/yyC37v5T8EGN

Conflicts of Interest: SR has served as consultant for Sandhill Scientific and Medtronic. FM has served as consultant for Medtronic

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2. Ronkainen J and Agreus L. Epidemiology of reflux symptoms and GORD. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27: 325–337. [ Link ]
3. Peery AF, et al. Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States: 2012 update. Gastroenterology. 2012; 143: 1179–1187.e1-3. [ Link ]
4. Gatta L, et al. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors for laryngeal symptoms attributed to gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 385–392. [ Link ]
5. Herregods TV, et al. Patients with refractory reflux symptoms often do not have GERD. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27: 1267–1273. [ Link ]
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9. Absah I, et al. Rumination syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29: e12954. [ Link ]
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11. Bytzer P, et al. Limited ability of the proton-pump inhibitor test to identify patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 1360–1366. [ Link ]

Topic: Eosinophilic oesophagitis

Authors: Javier Molina-Infante and Alfredo J. Lucendo

Affiliation: Javier Molina-Infante works at the Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario de Caceres, Caceres, Spain and at Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain. Alfredo J. Lucendo works at the Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain and at the Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Generalde Tomelloso, Ciudad Real, Spain.

Correspondence: xavi_molina@hotmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/DPS58F7QudeJ

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Lucendo AJ, Molina-Infante J, Arias Á, et al. Guidelines on eosinophilic esophagitis: evidence-based statements and recommendations for diagnosis and management in children and adults. UEG Journal 2017; 5: 335–358. [ Link ]
2. Navarro P, Arias Á, Arias-González L, Laserna-Mendieta EJ, Ruiz-Ponce M, Lucendo AJ. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the growing incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults in population-based studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49: 1116-1125. [ Link ]
3. Hahn JW, Lee K, Shin JI, Cho SH, Turner S, Shin JU, et al. Global Incidence and Prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis, 1976-2022: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 21: 3270-3284.e77. [ Link ]
4. Roberts SE, Morrison-Rees S, Thapar N, Williams JG. Incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis across Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterol J 2024; 12: 89-102. [ Link ]
5. Plate J, Söderbergh T, Bergqvist J, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis prevalence, incidence, and presenting features: a 22-year population-based observational study from southwest Sweden. Diseases of the esophagus 2025; 38: doae025. [ Link ]
6. Schoepfer AM, Safroneeva E, Bussmann C, et al. Delay in diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis increases risk for stricture formation in a time-dependent manner. Gastroenterology 2013; 145: 1230–1232. [ Link ]
7. Dellon ES, Kim HP, Sperry SL, et al. A phenotypic analysis shows that eosinophilic esophagitis is a progressive fibrostenotic disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 79: 577–585. [ Link ]
8. Lipka S, Kumar A, Richter JE. Impact of Diagnostic Delay and Other Risk Factors on Eosinophilic Esophagitis Phenotype and Esophageal Diameter. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50: 134–140. [ Link ]
9. Warners MJ, Oude Nijhuis RAB, de Wijkerslooth LRH, Smout AJPM, Bredenoord AJ. The natural course of eosinophilic esophagitis and long-term consequences of undiagnosed disease in a large cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113: 836-844. [ Link ]
10. Shoda T, Wen T, Aceves SS, Abonia JP, Atkins D, Bonis PA, et al. Eosinophilic oesophagitis endotype classification by molecular, clinical, and histopathological analyses: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3: 477-488. [ Link ]
11. Dunn JLM, Shoda T, Caldwell JM, Wen T, Aceves SS, Collins MH, et al. Esophageal type 2 cytokine expression heterogeneity in eosinophilic esophagitis in a multisite cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145: 1629-1640.e4. [ Link ]
12. Podboy AJ, Lavey C, Mara K, Geno D, Khana S, Ravi K, et al. Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is Rarely Continually Symptomatic 10 Years After an Initial Treatment Course in Adults. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64: 3568-3578. [ Link ]
13. Greuter T, Bussmann C, Safroneeva E, Schoepfer AM, Biedermann L, Vavricka SR, et al. Long-Term Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis With Swallowed Topical Corticosteroids: Development and Evaluation of a Therapeutic Concept. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112: 1527-1535. [ Link ]
14. Eluri S, Runge TM, Hansen J, Kochar B, Reed CC, Robey BS, et al. Diminishing Effectiveness of Long-Term Maintenance Topical Steroid Therapy in PPI Non-Responsive Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2017; 8: e97. [ Link ]
15. Hirano I, Moy N, Heckman MG, Thomas CS, Gonsalves N, Achem SR. Endoscopic assessment of the oesophageal features of eosinophilic oesophagitis: validation of a novel classification and grading system. Gut 2013; 62: 489-95. [ Link ]
16. Sorge A, Coletta M, Elli L, et al. Clinical practices and adherence to guidelines for eosinophilic esophagitis: A European survey. Digestive and Liver Disease 2024; 56: 1196–1203. [ Link ]
17. Aceves SS, Alexander JA, Baron TH, Bredenoord AJ, Day L, Dellon ES, et al. Endoscopic approach to eosinophilic esophagitis: American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Consensus Conference. Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 96: 576-592.e1. [ Link ]
18. Eluri S, Corder SR, Kim E, Tappata M, Reed CC, Shaheen NJ, et al. Clinical features and time trends associated with an endoscopically normal esophagus in active eosinophilic esophagitis. Endoscopy 2021; 53: 886-892. [ Link ]
19. Rodríguez-Sánchez J, Barrio-Andrés J, Nantes Castillejo O, Valdivieso-Cortazar E, Pérez-Martínez I, Boumidi A, et al. The Endoscopic Reference Score shows modest accuracy to predict either clinical or histological activity in adult patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45: 300-309. [ Link ]
20. Safroneeva E, Straumann A, Coslovsky M, Zwahlen M, Kuehni CE, Panczak R, et al. Symptoms Have Modest Accuracy in Detecting Endoscopic and Histologic Remission in Adults with Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 581-590. [ Link ]
21. Safroneeva E, Pan Z, King E, Martin LJ, Collins MH, Yang GY, et al. Long-Lasting Dissociation of Esophageal Eosinophilia and Symptoms After Dilation in Adults With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20: 766-775.e4. [ Link ]
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Topic: Endoscopic diagnosis and management of Barrett’s oesophagus

Authors: Rehan Haidry and Apostolis Papaefthymiou

Affiliation: Rehan Haidry and Apostolis Papaefthymiou are both at the Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, London, UK.

Correspondence: r.haidry@ucl.ac.uk

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/yBxGZXAicLIi

Conflicts of Interest: AP declares no conflicts of interest.RH has received research grant support from Pentax Medical, to support research infrastructure.

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10. Pech O, Gossner L, Manner H, May A, Rabenstein T, Behrens A, et al. Prospective evaluation of the macroscopic types and location of early Barrett's neoplasia in 380 lesions. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 588–93. [ Link ]
11. Kariyawasam VC, Bourke MJ, Hourigan LF, Lim G, Moss A, Williams SJ, et al. Circumferential location predicts the risk of high-grade dysplasia and early adenocarcinoma in short-segment Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2012; 75: 938–44. [ Link ]
12. Sharma P, Bergman JJGHM, Goda K, Kato M, Messmann H, Alsop BR, et al. Development and validation of a classification system to identify high-grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus using narrow-band imaging. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 591–8. [ Link ]
13. Lipman G, Bisschops R, Sehgal V, Ortiz-Fernández-Sordo J, Sweis R, Esteban J, et al. Systematic assessment with I-SCAN magnification endoscopy and acetic acid improves dysplasia detection in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy 2017; 49: 1219–28. [ Link ]
14. Coletta M, Sami SS, Nachiappan A, Fraquelli M, Casazza G, Ragunath K. Acetic acid chromoendoscopy for the diagnosis of early neoplasia and specialised intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus: a meta-analysis. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2016; 83: 57–67.e1. [ Link ]
15. Kandiah K, Chedgy FJQ, Subramaniam S, Longcroft-Wheaton G, Bassett P, Repici A, et al. International development and validation of a classification system for the identification of Barrett's neoplasia using acetic acid chromoendoscopy: the Portsmouth acetic acid classification (PREDICT). Gut 2018; 67: 2085–91. [ Link ]
16. Meinikheim M, Mendel R, Palm C, et al. Influence of artificial intelligence on the diagnostic performance of endoscopists in the assessment of Barrett's esophagus: a tandem randomized and video trial. Endoscopy 2024; 56: 641–649. [ Link ]
17. Jukema JB, Kusters CHJ, Jong MR, et al. Computer-aided diagnosis improves characterization of Barrett's neoplasia by general endoscopists (with video). Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2024; 100: 616-625.e8. [ Link ]
18. Tschanz ER. Do 40% of patients resected for Barrett esophagus with high-grade dysplasia have unsuspected adenocarcinoma? Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2005; 129: 177–80. [ Link ]
19. Beaufort I, Akkerman E, van Munster S, Weusten B. Effect of biopsy protocol adherence vs non-adherence on dysplasia detection rates in Barrett's esophagus surveillance endoscopies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopy international open 2023; 11: E221–9. [ Link ]
20. Beaufort IN, Milne AN, Alderlieste YA, Baars JE, Bos PR, Burger JPW, et al. Adherence to guideline recommendations for Barrett's esophagus (BE) surveillance endoscopies: effects of dedicated BE endoscopy lists. Endoscopy international open 2023; 11: E952–62. [ Link ]
21. Duits LC, Phoa KN, Curvers WL, ten Kate FJW, Meijer GA, Seldenrijk CA, et al. Barrett's oesophagus patients with low-grade dysplasia can be accurately risk-stratified after histological review by an expert pathology panel. Gut 2015; 64: 700–6. [ Link ]
22. El-Serag HB, Naik AD, Duan Z, Shakhatreh M, Helm A, Pathak A, et al. Surveillance endoscopy is associated with improved outcomes of oesophageal adenocarcinoma detected in patients with Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 2016; 65: 1252–60. [ Link ]
23. Kastelein F, van Olphen SH, Steyerberg EW, Spaander MCW, Bruno MJ. Impact of surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus on tumour stage and survival of patients with neoplastic progression. Gut 2016; 65: 548–54. [ Link ]

Topic: Endoscopic treatment of Barrett’s oesophagus neoplasia

Authors: Eva P.D. Verheij, Roos E. Pouw and Jacques J. Bergman

Affiliation: Jacques Bergman is a Professor of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Head of Endoscopy in the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Free University Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Roos Pouw, is Principle Investigator and Associate Professor at the same department. Eva Verheij is a PhD fellow at the same department.

Correspondence: j.j.bergman@amsterdamumc.nl

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/W3MER1yasups

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Weusten B, et al. Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Position Statement. Endoscopy 2017; 49: 191–198. [ Link ]

Topic: The management of Helicobacter pylori infection

Authors: Anthony O’Connor and Colm O’Moráin

Affiliation: Anthony O’Connor and Colm O’Moráin are both at Tallaght Hospital/Trinity College Dublin, Belgard Road, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.

Correspondence: Anthony.oconnor@amnch.ie

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/GpuDEO5dJ8zI

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. van Blankenstein M, van Vuuren AJ, Looman CW, et al. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Netherlands. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 794–800. [ Link ]
2. Gisbert JP and Pajares JM. 13C-urea breath test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection—a critical review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20: 1001–1017. [ Link ]
3. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain CA on behalf of the European Helicobacter and Miscrobiota Study Group and Consensus panel, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection—the Maastricht V/Florence consensus report. Gut 2017; 66: 6-30. [ Link ]
4. O’Connor A, O’Moráin NR, Dobson M, et al. 182 Test, treat and retest. Who is best at checking for Helicobacter pylori eradication after a positive urea breath test (UBT), family physicians or gastroenterologists? Gastroenterology 2010; 138 (Suppl 1): S-33, DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5085(10)60153-9. [ Link ]

Topic: The management of gastric polyps

Authors: Rehan Haidry and Apostolis Papaefthymiou

Affiliation: William Waddingham and David Graham are based at University College London Hospital and University College London, London, UK. David Graham is a Consultant Gastroenterologist and Interventional Endoscopist and Clinical Lead at University College London Hospital and an Honorary Senior Lecturer at University College London, London, UK. William Waddingham is a Gastroenterology Specialist Registrar and MRC Clinical Research Training Fellow.

Correspondence: david.graham14@nhs.net

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/qubUItgOL1ZI

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Goddard AF, Badreldin R, Pritchard DM, et al. The management of gastric polyps. Gut 2010; 59: 1270–1276. [ Link ]
2. Carmack SW, Genta RM, Schuler CM, et al. The current spectrum of gastric polyps: A 1-year national study of over 120,000 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1524–1532. [ Link ]
3. el-Zimaity HM, Jackson FW and Graham DY. Fundic gland polyps developing during omeprazole therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1858–1860. [ Link ]
4. Morais DJ, Yamanaka A, Zeitune JMR, et al. Gastric polyps: A retrospective analysis of 26,000 digestive endoscopies. Arq Gastroenterol 2007; 44: 14–17. [ Link ]
5. Banks M, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of gastric adenocarcinoma. Gut 2019; 68: 1545–1575. [ Link ]
6. Bisschops R, et al. Performance measures for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy quality improvement initiative. United Eur Gastroenterol J 2016; 4: 629–656. [ Link ]
7. Park JM, et al. Longer observation time increases proportion of neoplasms detected by esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Gastroenterology 2017; 153: 460–469.e1. [ Link ]
8. Rugge M, et al. Gastric epithelial dysplasia in the natural history of gastric cancer: A multicenter prospective follow-up study. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1288–1296. [ Link ]
9. Sung JK. Diagnosis and management of gastric dysplasia. Korean J Intern Med 2016; 31: 201–209. [ Link ]
10. Wang L, Huang W, Du J, et al. Diagnostic yield of the light blue crest sign in gastric intestinal metaplasia: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9: e92874. [ Link ]

Topic: The use of proton pump inhibitors

Authors: Roos E. Pouw and Albert J. Bredenoord

Affiliation: Roos E. Pouw and Albert J. Bredenoord are at the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Correspondence: r.e.pouw@amc.nl

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/Azi0tsVLd7zl

Conflicts of Interest: REP declares no conflicts of interest. AJB has received speaker’s fees and research support from AstraZeneca, MMS and Medtronic.

References:

1. Klinkenberg-Knol EC, et al. Double-blind multicentre comparison of omeprazole and ranitidine in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis. Lancet 1987; 1: 349–351. [ Link ]
2. Freedberg DE, et al. The risks and benefits of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors: expert review and best practice advice from the American Gastroenterological Association. Gastroenterology 2017; 152: 706–715. [ Link ]
3. Wolfe MM and Sachs G. Acid suppression: optimizing therapy for gastroduodenal ulcer healing, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and stress-related erosive syndrome. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: S9–S31. [ Link ]
4. Sachs G. Proton pump inhibitors and acid-related diseases. Pharmacotherapy 1997; 17: 22–37. [ Link ]
5. Reimer C. Safety of long-term PPI therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27: 443–454. [ Link ]
6. William JH and Danziger J. Magnesium deficiency and proton-pump inhibitor use: a clinical review. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 56: 660–668. [ Link ]
7. Oberhuber G and Stolte M. Gastric polyps: an update of their pathology and biological significance. Virchows Arch 2000; 437: 581–590. [ Link ]
8. Jalving M, et al. Increased risk of fundic gland polyps during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 1341–1348. [ Link ]
9. Bhatt DL, et al. ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 1502–1517. [ Link ]
10. Reimer C, et al. Proton-pump inhibitor therapy induces acid-related symptoms in healthy volunteers after withdrawal of therapy. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 80–87. [ Link ]

Topic: Gastrostomy insertion

Authors: Thomas Welbank

Affiliation: Thomas Welbank is working at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, England.

Correspondence: thomas.welbank@nhs.net

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/xeBJNa4W92tC

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Westaby D, Young A, O’Toole P, et al. The provision of a percutaneously placed enteral tube feeding service. Gut 2010; 59: 1592–1605. [ Link ]
2. National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK). Nutrition Support for Adults: Oral Nutrition Support, Enteral Tube Feeding and Parenteral Nutrition. London: National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK), 2006. [ Link ]
3. Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr 2021; 40: 4745–4761. [ Link ]
4. Boullata JI, Carrera AL, Harvey L, et al. ASPEN Safe Practices for Enteral Nutrition Therapy. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2017; 41: 15–103. [ Link ]
5. Hvas CL, Farrer K, Blackett B, et al. Reduced 30-day gastrostomy placement mortality following the introduction of a multidisciplinary nutrition support team: a cohort study. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31: 413–421. [ Link ]
6. Fugazza A, Capogreco A, Cappello A, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and jejunostomy: Indications and techniques. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 14: 250. [ Link ]
7. McCulloch A, Roy O, Massey D, et al. Nasal unsedated seated percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (nuPEG): a safe and effective technique for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement in high-risk candidates. Frontline Gastroenterol 2018; 9: 105–109. [ Link ]
8. Sutcliffe J, Wigham A, Mceniff N, et al. CIRSE Standards of Practice Guidelines on Gastrostomy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2016; 39: 973–987. [ Link ]
9. Serrano Aguayo P, Herguido N, Campos J, et al. New laparoscopic assisted percutaneous gastrostomy. Description and comparison with others gastrostomy types. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2016; 16: 24–29. [ Link ]
10. Welbank T, Kurien M. To PEG or not to PEG that is the question. Proc Nutr Soc 2021; 80: 1–8. [ Link ]
11. Gaspar R, Ramalho R, Coelho R, et al. Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Placement under NIV in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with Severe Ventilatory Dysfunction: A Safe and Effective Procedure. GE - Port J Gastroenterol 2023; 30: 61–67. [ Link ]
12. Menni A, Tzikos G, Chatziantoniou G, et al. Buried bumper syndrome: A critical analysis of endoscopic release techniques. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2023; 15: 44–55. [ Link ]
13. Bischoff SC, Austin P, Boeykens K, et al. ESPEN guideline on home enteral nutrition. Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl 2020; 39: 5–22. [ Link ]
14. Yuan Y, Zhao Y, Xie T, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus percutaneous radiological gastrostomy for swallowing disturbances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016: CD009198. [ Link ]

Topic: Intestinal failure and parenteral nutrition

Authors: Sarah Williams, Samreen Malik and Shameer Mehta

Affiliation: Sarah Williams is Lead Specialist Intestinal Failure Dietitian at the Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK. Samreen Malik is a Pharmacologist at the Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK. Shameer Mehta is Lead Pharmacist, intestinal failure and clinical nutrition at Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.

Correspondence: sarah.williams51@nhs.net

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/ZjUUnjjWJA9N

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Pironi L, Arends J, Bozzetti F, et al. ESPEN guidelines on chronic intestinal failure in adults. Clin Nutr 2016; 35: 247–307. [ Link ]
2. Naghibi M, Toskas A, Willsmore J, et al. United Kingdom artificial nutrition database: The changing landscape of adult home parenteral support. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2023; 47: 635–645. [ Link ]
3. Fuhrman MP. The Albumin-nutrition connection: separating myth from fact. Nutrition 2002; 18: 199–200. [ Link ]
4. Fuhrman MP, Charney P, Mueller CM. Hepatic proteins and nutrition assessment. J Am Diet Assoc 2004; 104: 1258–1264. [ Link ]
5. Soeters PB, Wolfe RR, Shenkin A. Hypoalbuminemia: Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2019; 43: 181–193. [ Link ]
6. Levitt D, Levitt M. Human serum albumin homeostasis: a new look at the roles of synthesis, catabolism, renal and gastrointestinal excretion, and the clinical value of serum albumin measurements. Int J Gen Med 2016; Volume 9: 229–255. [ Link ]
7. Eckart A, Struja T, Kutz A, et al. Relationship of Nutritional Status, Inflammation, and Serum Albumin Levels During Acute Illness: A Prospective Study. Am J Med 2020; 133: 713-722.e7. [ Link ]
8. Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr 2019; 38: 48–79. [ Link ]
9. Cederholm T, Barazzoni R, Austin P, et al. ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: 49–64. [ Link ]
10. Chakraborty RK, Burns B. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2024. [ Link ]
11. Duncan A, Talwar D, McMillan DC, et al. Quantitative data on the magnitude of the systemic inflammatory response and its effect on micronutrient status based on plasma measurements. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95: 64–71. [ Link ]
12. Galloway SP, McMillan DC, Sattar N. Effect of the inflammatory response on trace element and vitamin status. Ann Clin Biochem Int J Lab Med 2000; 37: 289–297. [ Link ]
13. Berger MM, Shenkin A, Schweinlin A, et al. ESPEN micronutrient guideline. Clin Nutr 2022; 41: 1357–1424. [ Link ]
14. Bublin M, Breiteneder H. Cross-Reactivity of Peanut Allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 14: 426. [ Link ]
15. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). CG174 Intravenous Fluid Therapy in Adults in Hospital: guideline. NICE clinical guidelines, 2013. [ Link ]
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17. Lee HA. Parenteral Nutrition in Acute Metabolic Illness. Academic Press, 1974. [ Link ]
18. Trissel LA, Gilbert DL, Martinez JF, et al. Compatibility of Medications With 3-in-1 Parenteral Nutrition Admixtures. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1999; 23: 67–74. [ Link ]
19. Gilbar PJ, Groves CF. Visual Compatibility of Total Parenteral Nutrition Solution (Synthamin 17 Premix) with Selected Drugs During Simulated Y-Site Injection. Aust J Hosp Pharm 1994; 24: 167–173. [ Link ]
20. Vincent J-L, Angus DC, Artigas A, et al. Effects of drotrecogin alfa (activated) on organ dysfunction in the PROWESS trial. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 834–840. [ Link ]
21. Brun-Buisson C, Minelli C, Bertolini G, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of acute lung injury in European intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 524–524. [ Link ]
22. Baker M, Nightingale J. Abnormal liver function tests and parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 864–865. [ Link ]
23. Cazals-Hatem D, Billiauws L, Rautou P, et al. Ultra-short bowel is an independent risk factor for liver fibrosis in adults with home parenteral nutrition. Liver Int 2018; 38: 174–182. [ Link ]
24. Cavicchi M, Beau P, Crenn P, et al. Prevalence of Liver Disease and Contributing Factors in Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition for Permanent Intestinal Failure. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 525. [ Link ]
25. Gabe SM, Culkin A. Abnormal liver function tests in the parenteral nutrition fed patient. Frontline Gastroenterol 2010; 1: 98–104. [ Link ]
26. Quigley EMM, Marsh MN, Shaffer JL, et al. Hepatobiliary complications of total parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 286–301. [ Link ]
27. Vanek VW, Seidner DL, Allen P, et al. A.S.P.E.N. Position Paper: Clinical Role for Alternative Intravenous Fat Emulsions. Nutr Clin Pract 2012; 27: 150–192. [ Link ]
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29. Buchman AL, Ament ME, Sohel M, et al. Choline Deficiency Causes Reversible Hepatic Abnormalities in Patients Receiving Parenteral Nutrition: Proof of a Human Choline Requirement: A Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2001; 25: 260–268. [ Link ]
30. Farrer K, Harrison S, Baker M, et al. British Intestinal Failure Alliance (BIFA) Position Statement, 2021. [ Link ]

Topic: Jejunal feeding

Authors: Ashley Bond and Simon Lal

Affiliation: Ashley Bond is a Consultant Gastroenterologist at Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust, UK. Simon Lal is a Consultant Gastroenterologist at Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and a Professor at the University of Manchester, UK.

Correspondence: ashley.bond@liverpoolft.nhs.uk

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/uAQvzDfUvvBO

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Seres DS, Valcarcel M and Guillaume A. Advantages of enteral nutrition over parenteral nutrition. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 2013; 6: 157–167. [ Link ]
2. Alkhawaja S, Martin C, Butler R, et al. Post-pyloric versus gastric tube feeding for preventing pneumonia and improving nutritional outcomes in critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 8: CD008875. [ Link ]
3. Pearce CB and Duncan HD. Enteral feeding. Nasogastric, nasojejunal, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, or total parenteral nutrition? Which is best and when? Postgraduate Medical Journal 2002; 78: 198–204. [ Link ]
4. Lynch A, Tang CS, Jeganathan LS, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness and complications of using nasal bridles to secure nasoenteric feeding tubes in adult patients. Aust J Otolaryngol 2018; 1: 8. [ Link ]
5. Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F, et al. ESPEN guideline: clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: 623–650. [ Link ]
6. Blakely A, Ajmal S, Sargent R, et al. Critical analysis of feeding jejunostomy as a means of nutritional support: systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastrointest Surg 2017; 27: 53–60. [ Link ]

Topic: Coeliac disease diagnosis

Authors: Umberto Volta, Giacomo Caio and Roberto De Giorgio

Affiliation: Umberto Volta is at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Giacomo Caio and Roberto De Giorgio both are at the University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.

Correspondence: roberto.degiorgio@unibo.it

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/YxIRQ95gpiFy

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al. European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders. United European Gastroenterol J 2019; 7: 583-613. [ Link ]
2. Biagi F, Gobbi P, Marchese A, et al. Low incidence but poor prognosis of complicated coeliac disease: a retrospective multicentre study. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46: 227–230. [ Link ]
3. Ludvigsson JF, Bai JC, Biagi F, et al. Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease: guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut 2014; 63: 1210–1228. [ Link ]
4. Villanacci V, Ceppa P, Tavani E, et al. Coeliac disease: the histology report. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43 (Suppl 4): S385–S395. [ Link ]
5. Brown I, Mino-Kenudson M, Deshpande V, et al. Intraepithelial lymphocytosis in architecturally preserved proximal small intestinal mucosa: an increasing diagnostic problem with a wide differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130: 1020–1025. [ Link ]
6. Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Semrad C, et al. American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines update: Diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118: 59-76. [ Link ]
7. Salmi TT, Collin P, Järvinen O, et al. Immunoglobulin A autoantibodies against transglutaminase 2 in the small intestinal mucosa predict forthcoming coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 541–552. [ Link ]
8. Murray JA and Rubio-Tapia A. Diarrhoea due to small bowel diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2012; 26: 581–600. [ Link ]
9. Scialom S, Malamut G, Meresse B, et al. Gastrointestinal disorder associated with olmesartan mimics autoimmune enteropathy. PLoS One 2015 23; 10: e0125024. [ Link ]
10. Volta U, Caio G, Stanghellini V, et al. The changing clinical profile of celiac disease: a 15-year experience (1998-2012) in an Italian referral center. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14: 194. [ Link ]
11. Volta U, Rostami K, Auricchio R, et al. Diagnosis of Seronegative and Ultrashort Celiac Disease. Gastroenterology 2024; 167: 104–115. [ Link ]

Topic: Refractory coeliac disease

Authors: Umberto Volta, Giacomo Caio and Roberto De Giorgio

Affiliation: Umberto Volta is at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Giacomo Caio and Roberto De Giorgio both are at the University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

Correspondence: roberto.degiorgio@unibo.it

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/suY982TCZB4k

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Cellier C, Delabesse E, Helmer C, et al. Refractory sprue, coeliac disease, and enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma. French Coeliac Disease Study Group. Lancet 2000; 356: 203–208. [ Link ]
2. Al-Toma A, Verbeek WHM and Mulder CJJ. Update on the management of refractory coeliac disease. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2007; 16: 57–63. [ Link ]
3. Rubio-Tapia A and Murray JA. Classification and management of refractory coeliac disease. Gut 2010; 59: 547–557. [ Link ]
4. Rubio-Tapia A, Kelly DG, Lahr BD, et al. Clinical staging and survival in refractory celiac disease: a single center experience. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 99–107. [ Link ]
5. Di Sabatino A, Brunetti L, Carnevale Maffè G, et al. Is it worth investigating splenic function in patients with celiac disease? World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 2313–2318. [ Link ]
6. van Wanrooij RLJ, Bouma G, Bontkes HJ, et al. Outcome of referrals for non-responsive celiac disease in a tertiary center: Low incidence of refractory celiac disease in the Netherlands. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2017; 8: e218. [ Link ]
7. van Gils T, Nijeboer P, van Wanrooij RL, et al. Mechanisms and management of refractory coeliac disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 12: 572–579. [ Link ]
8. Daum S, Cellier C and Mulder CJJ. Refractory coeliac disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 19: 413–424. [ Link ]
9. Malamut G, Meresse B, Cellier C, et al. Refractory celiac disease: From bench to bedside. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34: 601–613. [ Link ]
10. Jamma S, Leffler DA, Dennis M, et al. Small intestinal release mesalamine for the treatment of refractory celiac disease type I. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45: 30–33. [ Link ]
11. Al-Toma A, Visser OJ, van Roessel HM, et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in refractory celiac disease with aberrant T cells. Blood 2007; 109: 2243–2249. [ Link ]
12. Cellier C, Bouma G, van Gils T et al. [AGA Abstract 616] AMG 714 (ANTI-IL-15 MAB) halts the progression of aberrant intraepithelial lymphocytes in refractory celiac disease type ii (RCD-II): A phase 2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating AMG 714 in adult patients with RCD-II/PRE-EATL. Gastroenterology 2018; 154 (6) Suppl 1: S-129–S-130.
13. Nijeboer P, van Wanrooij R, van Gils T, et al. Lymphoma development and survival in refractory coeliac disease type II: Histological response as prognostic factor. United Eur Gastroenterol J 2017; 5: 208–217. [ Link ]
14. Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al. European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders. United Eur Gastroenterol J 2019; 7: 583–613. [ Link ]
15. Roma E, Roubani A, Kolia E, et al. Dietary compliance and life style of children with coeliac disease. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010; 23: 176–182. [ Link ]
16. Schuppan D, Kelly CP and Krauss N. Monitoring non-responsive patients with celiac disease. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2006; 16: 593–603. [ Link ]

Topic: Familial Mediterranean Fever

Authors: Manik Gemilyan and Gagik Hakobyan

Affiliation: Manik Gemilyan and Gagik Hakobyan are both at Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia.

Correspondence: mgemilyan@yahoo.co.uk

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/EfAqdfBEsWQz

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Ben-Chetrit E, Gattorno M, Gul A, et al. Consensus proposal for taxonomy and definition of the autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs): a Delphi study. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77: 1558–1565. [ Link ]
2. Giancane G, Ter Haar NM, Wulffraat N, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for genetic diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74: 635–641. [ Link ]
3. Ozen S, Sağ E, Oton T, et al. EULAR/PReS endorsed recommendations for the management of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF): 2024 update. Ann Rheum Dis 2025; 84: 899-909. [ Link ]
4. Livneh A, Langevitz P, Zemer D, et al. Criteria for the diagnosis of familial mediterranean fever. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 1879–1885. [ Link ]
5. Ozen S, Demirkaya E, Erer B, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of familial Mediterranean fever. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75: 644–651. [ Link ]
6. Georgin-Lavialle S, Savey L, Cuisset L, et al. French protocol for the diagnosis and management of familial Mediterranean fever. Rev Médecine Interne 2023; 44: 602–616. [ Link ]
7. The French Fmf Consortium, Bernot A, Clepet C, et al. A candidate gene for familial Mediterranean fever. Nat Genet 1997; 17: 25–31. [ Link ]
8. Booty MG, Chae JJ, Masters SL, et al. Familial mediterranean fever with a single MEFV mutation: Where is the second hit? Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: 1851–1861. [ Link ]
9. Infevers: an online database for autoinflammatory mutations. https://infevers.umai-montpellier.fr/ (accessed 20 May 2025). [ Link ]
10. Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, et al. Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med 2015; 17: 405–424. [ Link ]
11. Gattorno M, Hofer M, Federici S, et al. Classification criteria for autoinflammatory recurrent fevers. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78: 1025–1032. [ Link ]
12. Mertz P, Boursier G, Hentgen V, et al. New Diseases Linked to MEFV Variants or Pyrinopathies. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2025; 13: 522–532. [ Link ]
13. Otón T, Sağ E, Carmona L, et al. Safety of colchicine on fertility, pregnancy, and lactation: a systematic review and meta-analysis informing the EULAR/PReS recommendations for familial Mediterranean fever. Ann Rheum Dis 2025; 84: 1045-1051. [ Link ]
14. Gemilyan M, Hakobyan G, Ananyan S. Long-term familial Mediterranean fever remission on successful hepatitis C virus treatment in a patient not responding to colchicine: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2018; 12: 130. [ Link ]
15. Hansten PD, Tan MS, Horn JR, et al. Colchicine Drug Interaction Errors and Misunderstandings: Recommendations for Improved Evidence-Based Management. Drug Saf 2023; 46: 223–242. [ Link ]
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Topic: Acute diverticulitis

Authors: Simone J. Rottier, Anna A.W. van Geloven, W. Hermien Schreurs and Marja A. Boermeester

Affiliation: Simone J. Rottier is an MD working in the Department of Surgery at Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Anna A.W. van Geloven is a gastrointestinal surgeon at the Department of Surgery at Tergooi, Hilversum, The Netherlands. W. Hermien Schreurs is a lung and gastrointestinal surgeon in the Department of Surgery, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar/Den Helder, The Netherlands. Marja A. Boermeester is a professor of surgery and a clinical epidemiologist in the Department of Surgery at Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Correspondence: m.a.boermeester@amsterdamumc.nl

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/3gJO4YH5cMlO

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

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2. Stam MA, et al. An unrestricted diet for uncomplicated diverticulitis is safe: results of a prospective diverticulitis diet study. Colorectal Dis 2017; 19: 372–377. [ Link ]
3. van de Wall BJ, et al. Dietary restrictions for acute diverticulitis: evidence-based or expert opinion? Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28: 1287–1293. [ Link ]
4. Rottier SJ, van Dijk ST, Ünlü Ç, et al. Complicated Disease Course in Initially Computed Tomography-Proven Uncomplicated Acute Diverticulitis. Surgical Infections 2019; 20: 453–459. [ Link ]
5. Nielsen K, et al. The limited role of ultrasound in the diagnostic process of colonic diverticulitis. World J Surg 2014; 38: 1814–1818. [ Link ]
6. Lambrichts DPV, et al. Multicentre study of non-surgical management of diverticulitis with abscess formation. Br J Surg 2019; 106: 458–466. [ Link ]
7. Lameris W, et al. Graded compression ultrasonography and computed tomography in acute colonic diverticulitis: meta-analysis of test accuracy. Eur Radiol 2008; 18: 2498–2511. [ Link ]
8. van Randen A, et al. A comparison of the accuracy of ultrasound and computed tomography in common diagnoses causing acute abdominal pain. Eur Radiol 2011; 21: 1535–1545. [ Link ]
9. Gregersen R, et al. Treatment of patients with acute colonic diverticulitis complicated by abscess formation: A systematic review. Int J Surg 2016; 35: 201–208. [ Link ]
10. Wasvary H, et al. Same hospitalization resection for acute diverticulitis. Am Surg 1999; 65: 632–635. [ Link ]
11. Bridoux V, et al. Elective operation after acute complicated diverticulitis: is it still mandatory? World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 8166–8172. [ Link ]
12. Sallinen VJ, et al. Nonoperative management of perforated diverticulitis with extraluminal air is safe and effective in selected patients. Dis Colon Rectum 2014; 57: 875–881. [ Link ]
13. van Dijk ST, et al. A systematic review of pericolic extraluminal air in left-sided acute colonic diverticulitis. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2018; 19: 362–368. [ Link ]
14. Colas PA, et al. Failure of conservative treatment of acute diverticulitis with extradigestive air. World J Surg 2017; 41: 1890–1895. [ Link ]
15. Daniels L, et al. Randomized clinical trial of observational versus antibiotic treatment for a first episode of CT-proven uncomplicated acute diverticulitis. Br J Surg 2017; 104: 52–61. [ Link ]
16. Chabok A, et al. Randomized clinical trial of antibiotics in acute uncomplicated diverticulitis. Br J Surg. 2012; 99: 532–539. [ Link ]
17. van Dijk ST, et al. Long-term effects of omitting antibiotics in uncomplicated acute diverticulitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113: 1045–1052. [ Link ]

Topic: Pouchitis

Authors: Jonathan P. Segal, Susan K. Clark and Ailsa L. Hart

Affiliation: Jonathan Segal is a specialist gastreonterology registrar, and Susan Clark is a consultant colorectal surgeon at St Mark’s Hospital, Harrow, United Kingdom and in the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK. Ailsa Hart is a consultant gastroenterologist at St Mark’s Hospital, Harrow, United Kingdom and in the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, UK.

Correspondence: jonathansegal1@nhs.net

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/Qw8r7Pe2y9lA

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Lepistö A, Luukkonen P and Järvinen HJ. Cumulative failure rate of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and quality of life after failure. Dis Colon Rectum 2002; 45: 1289–1294. [ Link ]
2. Sandborn WJ. Pouchitis: definition, risk factors, frequency, natural history, classification, and public health perspective. In: Sutherland LR, Mcleod RS, Noel Williams C, Martin F and Wallace JL (eds) Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy 1996. 1997; Springer Netherlands, 1997, p.51–63.
3. Pardi DS and Shen B. Endoscopy in the management of patients after ileal pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis. Endoscopy 2008; 40: 529–533. [ Link ]
4. Shen B. Pouchitis: What every gastroenterologist needs to know. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11: 1538–1549. [ Link ]
5. Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Batts KP, et al. Pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: a pouchitis disease activity index. Mayo Clin Proc 1994; 69: 409–415. [ Link ]
6. Ben-Bassat O, Tyler AD, Xu W, et al. Ileal pouch symptoms do not correlate with inflammation of the pouch. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12: 831–837.e2. [ Link ]
7. van der Ploeg V, Maeda Y, Faiz OD, et al. The prevalence of chronic peri-pouch sepsis in patients treated for antibiotic-dependent or refractory primary idiopathic pouchitis. Colorectal Dis 2017; 19: 827–831. [ Link ]
8. Navaneethan U and Shen B. Secondary pouchitis: Those with identifiable etiopathogenetic or triggering factors. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 51–64. [ Link ]
9. Segal JP, Ding NS, Worley G, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the management of chronic refractory pouchitis with an evidence-based treatment algorithm. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45: 581–592. [ Link ]
10. Segal JP, Poo SX, McLaughlin SD, et al. Long-term follow-up of the use of maintenance antibiotic therapy for chronic antibiotic-dependent pouchitis. Frontline Gastroenterol 2018; 9: 154–158. [ Link ]
11. Kim GK. The risk of fluoroquinolone-induced tendinopathy and tendon rupture: what does the clinician need to know? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2010; 3: 49–54. [ Link ]
12. Goolsby TA, Jakeman B and Gaynes RP. Clinical relevance of metronidazole and peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 51: 319–325. [ Link ]
13. Seril DN and Shen B. Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ileal pouches. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 941–947. [ Link ]
14. Shen B. Diagnosis and management of postoperative ileal pouch disorders. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2010; 23: 259–268. [ Link ]
15. Shen B, Lashner BA, Bennett AE, et al. Treatment of rectal cuff inflammation (cuffitis) in patients with ulcerative colitis following restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 1527–1531. [ Link ]
16. Thompson-Fawcett MW, Mortensen NJ, Warren BF. Cuffitis and inflammatory changes in the columnar cuff, anal transitional zone, and ileal reservoir after stapled pouch-anal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42: 348–355. [ Link ]
17. Thompson JS. Cuffitis: A new cause of pouch dysfunction. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 2007. [ Link ]
18. Wu B, Lian L, Li Y, et al. Clinical course of cuffitis in ulcerative colitis patients with restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch–anal anastomoses. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 404–410. [ Link ]

Topic: Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction

Authors: Carolina Malagelada and Luis G. Alcala-Gonzalez

Affiliation: Carolina Malagelada and Luis G. Alcalá-González are both at Digestive Motility Unit, Vall d`Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònomade Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red deEnfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Spain.

Correspondence: carolina.malagelada@vallhebron.cat ; luisgerardo.alcala@vallhebron.cat

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/15hNdhAHZrsB

Conflicts of Interest: CM has served as a consultant for Alfasigma. LA has no conflicts of interest.

References:

1. Gallego D, Malagelada C, Accarino A, et al. Functional neuromuscular impairment in severe intestinal dysmotility. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30: e13458. [ Link ]
2. Alcalá González LG, Malagelada C. Current insights on chronic intestinal dysmotility: pseudo-obstruction and enteric dysmotility. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2024; 116: 63–67. [ Link ]
3. Di Nardo G, Zenzeri L, Guarino M, et al. Pharmacological and nutritional therapy of children and adults with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17: 325–341. [ Link ]
4. Basilisco G, Marchi M, Coletta M. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in adults: A practical guide to identify patient subgroups that are suitable for more specific treatments. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36: e14715. [ Link ]
5. Rosen R, Garza JM, Tipnis N, et al. An ANMS-NASPGHAN consensus document on esophageal and antroduodenal manometry in children. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30: e13239. [ Link ]
6. Stanghellini V, Cogliandro RF, De Giorgio R, et al. Natural history of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in adults: a single center study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc 2005; 3: 449–458. [ Link ]
7. Keller J, Bassotti G, Clarke J, et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the diagnosis and classification of gastric and intestinal motility disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15: 291–308. [ Link ]
8. Ang D, Pannemans J, Vanuytsel T, et al. A single-center audit of the indications and clinical impact of prolonged ambulatory small intestinal manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30: e13357. [ Link ]
9. Alcalá-González LG, Malagelada C, Monrroy H, et al. Clinical significance of small bowel manometry patterns suggestive of intestinal obstruction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35: e14462. [ Link ]
10. Alcala-Gonzalez LG, Malagelada C, Galan C, et al. Propagation patterns of jejunal motor activity measured by high-resolution water-perfused manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil Off J Eur Gastrointest Motil Soc 2021; 33: e14240. [ Link ]
11. de Jonge CS, Smout AJPM, Nederveen AJ, et al. Evaluation of gastrointestinal motility with MRI: Advances, challenges and opportunities. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30: e13257. [ Link ]
12. Maurer AH. Enhancing Scintigraphy for Evaluation of Gastric, Small Bowel, and Colonic Motility. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2020; 49: 499–517. [ Link ]
13. Ohkubo H, Kessoku T, Fuyuki A, et al. Assessment of small bowel motility in patients with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction using cine-MRI. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 1130–1139. [ Link ]
14. Menys A, Butt S, Emmanuel A, et al. Comparative quantitative assessment of global small bowel motility using magnetic resonance imaging in chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and healthy controls. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28: 376–383. [ Link ]
15. Alcalá-González LG, Accarino A, Martí R, et al. Distinctive gastrointestinal motor dysfunction in patients with MNGIE. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35: e14643. [ Link ]
16. Mann SD, Debinski HS, Kamm MA. Clinical characteristics of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in adults. Gut 1997; 41: 675–681. [ Link ]
17. Emmanuel AV, Shand AG, Kamm MA. Erythromycin for the treatment of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction: description of six cases with a positive response. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 687–694. [ Link ]
18. O’Dea CJ, Brookes JH, Wattchow DA. The efficacy of treatment of patients with severe constipation or recurrent pseudo-obstruction with pyridostigmine. Colorectal Dis Off J Assoc Coloproctology G B Irel 2010; 12: 540–548. [ Link ]
19. Sabbagh C, Amiot A, Maggiori L, et al. Non-transplantation surgical approach for chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction: analysis of 63 adult consecutive cases. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25: e680-686. [ Link ]
20. Sogawa H, Costa G, Armanyous S, et al. Twenty Years of Gut Transplantation for Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction: Technical Innovation, Long-term Outcome, Quality of Life, and Disease Recurrence. Ann Surg 2021; 273: 325–333. [ Link ]

Topic: Enteral stenting

Authors: Joyce V. Veld, Paul Fockens and Jeanin E. van Hooft

Affiliation: Joyce Veld is a PhD student in the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the Department of Surgery, Paul Fockens is Head of the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Jeanin van Hooft is a Gastroenterologist in the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Correspondence: j.e.vanhooft@amc.uva.nl

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/7Gy9CGZ1yv0B

Conflicts of Interest: None

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3. Dasari BV, et al. The role of oesophageal stents in the management of oesophageal anastomotic leaks and benign oesophageal perforations. Ann Surg 2014; 259: 852–860. [ Link ]
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16. Sebastian S, et al. Pooled analysis of the efficacy and safety of self-expanding metal stenting in malignant colorectal obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 2051–2057. [ Link ]
17. de Gregorio MA, et al. Ten-year retrospective study of treatment of malignant colonic obstructions with self-expandable stents. J Vascular Interv Radiol 2011; 22: 870–878. [ Link ]
18. Lopera JE, et al. Gastroduodenal stent placement: current status. Radiographics 2004; 24: 1561–1573. [ Link ]
19. Tringali A, et al. Endoscopic treatment of malignant gastric and duodenal strictures: a prospective, multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 79: 66–75. [ Link ]
20. Lee H, et al. Covered metallic stents with an anti-migration design vs. uncovered stents for the palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction: a multicenter, randomized trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 1440–1449. [ Link ]
21. Costamagna G, et al. Treatment of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction with a nitinol self-expanding metal stent: an international prospective multicentre registry. Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44: 37–43. [ Link ]
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23. Dumonceau JM, et al. Endoscopic biliary stenting: indications, choice of stents, and results: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline — Updated October 2017. Endoscopy 2018; 50: 910–930. [ Link ]
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26. Lopera JE and De Gregorio MA. Fluoroscopic management of complications after colorectal stent placement. Gut Liver 2010; 4 (Suppl 1): S9–S18. [ Link ]

Topic: Bariatric surgery

Authors: Francesco Saverio Papadia

Affiliation: Francesco Saverio Papadia is an Associated Professor at the Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC) at the University of Genoa School of Medicine, Genoa, Italy.

Correspondence: francesco.saverio.papadia@unige.it

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/bwZyTL8CvtvS

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

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2. Aronson S, Martin G, Gulur P, et al. Preoperative optimization: a continued call to action. Anesthesia and analgesia 2020; 130: 808–10. [ Link ]
3. Haskins IN, Amdur R, Vaziri K. The effect of smoking on bariatric surgical outcomes. Surgical endoscopy 2014; 28: 3074–80. [ Link ]
4. Di Palma A, Liu B, Maeda A, Anvari M, Jackson T, Okrainec A. Marginal ulceration following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: risk factors for ulcer development, recurrence and need for revisional surgery. Surgical endoscopy 2021; 35: 2347–53. [ Link ]
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9. Sogg S, Lauretti J, West-Smith L. Recommendations for the presurgical psychosocial evaluation of bariatric surgery patients. Surgery for obesity and related diseases 2016; 12: 731–49. [ Link ]
10. Kassir R, Debs T, Ben Amor I, Blanc P, et al. Complications of bariatric surgery: presentation and emergency management. International journal of surgery 2016; 27: 77–81. [ Link ]
11. Gonzalez R, Sarr MG, Smith CD, Baghai M, Kendrick M, Szomstein S, et al. Diagnosis and contemporary management of anastomotic leaks after gastric bypass for obesity. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2007; 204: 47–55. [ Link ]
12. Levine MS, Carucci LR. Imaging of bariatric surgery: normal anatomy and postoperative complications. Radiology 2014; 270: 327–41. [ Link ]
13. Csendes A, Burgos AM, Braghetto I. Classification and management of leaks after gastric bypass for patients with morbid obesity: a prospective study of 60 patients. Obesity surgery 2012; 22: 855–62. [ Link ]
14. Camerini G, Pretolesi F, Marinari GM, Adami G, Marini P, Papadia F, et al. Radiology of patients with vertical banded gastroplasty. Obesity surgery 2002; 12: 57–61. [ Link ]
15. Sakran N, Goitein D, Raziel A, et al. Gastric leaks after sleeve gastrectomy: a multicentre experience with 2,834 patients. Surgical endoscopy 2013; 27: 240–5. [ Link ]
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17. Iannelli A, Tavana R, Martini F, Noel P, Gugenheim J. Laparoscopic Roux limb placement over a fistula defect without mucosa-to-mucosa anastomosis: a modified technique for surgical management of chronic proximal fistulas after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obesity surgery 2014; 24: 825–8. [ Link ]
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19. García Ruiz de Gordejuela A, Madrazo-González Z, Casajoana-Badia A, Muñoz-Campaña A, Cuesta-González FJ, Pujol-Gebelli J. Evaluation of bariatric surgery patients at the emergency department of a tertiary referral hospital. Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas 2015; 107: 23–8. [ Link ]
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21. Geubbels N, Lijftogt N, Fiocco M, van Leersum NJ, Wouters MW, de Brauw LM. Meta-analysis of internal herniation after gastric bypass surgery. The British journal of surgery 2015; 102: 451–60. [ Link ]
22. Spector D, Perry Z, Shah S, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: hyperamylasemia is associated with small bowel obstruction. Surgery for obesity and related diseases 2015; 11: 38–43. [ Link ]
23. Lockhart ME, Tessler FN, Canon CL, Smith JK, Larrison MC, Fineberg NS, et al. Internal hernia after gastric bypass: sensitivity and specificity of seven CT signs with surgical correlation and controls. American journal of roentgenology 2007; 188: 745–50. [ Link ]
24. Altinoz A, Maasher A, Jouhar F, Babikir A, Ibrahim M, Al Shaban T, et al. Diagnostic laparoscopy is more accurate than computerized tomography for internal hernia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The American journal of surgery 2020; 220: 214–6. [ Link ]
25. Nimeri AA, Maasher A, Al Shaban T, Salim E, Gamaleldin MM. Internal hernia following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: prevention and tips for intra-operative management. Obesity surgery 2016; 26: 2255–6. [ Link ]
26. Bal BS, Finelli FC, Shope TR, Koch TR. Nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery. Nature reviews endocrinology 2012; 8: 544–56. [ Link ]
27. Botella-Carretero JI, Lafuente C, Montes-Nieto R, et al. Serum bioavailable vitamin D concentrations and bone mineral density in women after obesity surgery. Obesity surgery 2016; 26: 2732–7. [ Link ]
28. Aasheim ET. Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Annals of surgery 2008; 248: 714–20. [ Link ]
29. Hari T, Elsherbiny S. Bariatric surgery – what the ophthalmologist needs to know. Eye 2021; 1–7. [ Link ]
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Topic: The management of enterocutaneous fistulae

Authors: Philip Allan, Jonathan Epstein and Simon Lal

Affiliation: Philip Allan is a Consultant Gastroenterologist at Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Jonathan Epstein is a General and Colorectal Surgeon at Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Simon Lal is a Consultant Gastroenterologist at the University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK.

Correspondence: philip.allan@ouh.nhs.uk

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/Z7q2deM7Sb9z

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Lal S, et al. Review article: intestinal failure. Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut 2006; 24: 19–31. [ Link ]
2. Visschers RG, et al. Treatment strategies in 135 consecutive patients with enterocutaneous fistulas. World J Surg 2008; 32: 445–453. [ Link ]
3. Scripcariu V, et al. Reconstructive abdominal operations after laparostomy and multiple repeat laparotomies for severe intra-abdominal infection. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 1475–1478. [ Link ]
4. Visschers RG, et al. Guided treatment improves outcome of patients with enterocutaneous fistulas. World J Surg 2012; 36: 2341–2348. [ Link ]

Topic: Managing perianal disease

Authors: Phil Tozer and John T. Jenkins

Affiliation: Phil Tozer and John T Jenkins are at St. Mark’s Hospital, London, UK.

Correspondence: philtozer@nhs.net

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/qfXqplkS8CsI

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Riss S, et al. The prevalence of hemorrhoids in adults. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012; 27: 215–220. [ Link ]
2. Nelson RL, et al. Non surgical therapy for anal fissure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012: CD003431. [ Link ]
3. Alonso-Coello P, et al. Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005: CD004649. [ Link ]
4. Owen BN, et al. Prevalence and frequency of heterosexual anal intercourse among young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Behav 2015; 19: 1338–1360. [ Link ]

Topic: Small bowel bleeding

Authors: Edward J. Despott, Andrea Telese and Alberto Murino

Affiliation: Edward J. Despott is the lead consultant gastroenterologist and interventional endoscopist, Andrea Telese is an endoscopy fellow and Alberto Murino is a consultant gastroenterologist and interventional endoscopist at the Royal Free Unit for Endoscopy, University College London (UCL) Institute for Liver and Digestive Health and The Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.

Correspondence: edward.despott@nhs.net

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/zRweqfXpP7n4

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Lau WY, et al. Preoperative and intraoperative localisation of gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin. Gut 1987; 28: 869–877. [ Link ]
2. Pennazio M, et al. Small-bowel capsule endoscopy and device-assisted enteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel disorders: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 352–376. [ Link ]
3. Gerson LB, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and management of small bowel bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 1265–1287. [ Link ]
4. Raju GS, et al. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute medical position statement on obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 1694–1696. [ Link ]
5. Gunjan D, et al. Small bowel bleeding: a comprehensive review. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2014; 2: 262–275. [ Link ]
6. Shinozaki S, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding investigated by double-balloon endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 151–158. [ Link ]
7. Aniwan S, et al. Urgent double balloon endoscopy provides higher yields than non-urgent double balloon endoscopy in overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Endosc Int Open 2014; 02: E90–E95. [ Link ]
8. Singh A, et al. Timing of video capsule endoscopy relative to overt obscure GI bleeding: implications from a retrospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77: 761–766. [ Link ]
9. Yamada A, et al. Timing of capsule endoscopy influences the diagnosis and outcome in obscure-overt gastrointestinal bleeding. Hepatogastroenterol 2012; 59: 676–679. [ Link ]
10. Monkemuller K, et al. A retrospective analysis of emergency double-balloon enteroscopy for small-bowel bleeding. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 715–717. [ Link ]
11. Rondonotti E, et al. Small-bowel capsule endoscopy and device-assisted enteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel disorders: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Technical Review. Endoscopy 2018; 50: 423–446. [ Link ]
12. Sanaka MR, et al. Antegrade is more effective than retrograde enteroscopy for evaluation and management of suspected small-bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 910–916. [ Link ]

Topic: Computed tomography performed for the acute abdomen

Authors: Hameed Rafiee and Stuart Taylor

Affiliation: Hameed Rafiee is at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, UK. Stuart Taylor is at University College Hospital, London, UK.

Correspondence: hameed.rafiee@nnuh.nhs.uk

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/vx2W26hjZKne

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Busireddy KK, et al. Pancreatitis—imaging approach. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2014; 5: 252–270. [ Link ]
2. Moschetta M, et al. Multi-detector CT features of acute intestinal ischemia and their prognostic correlations. World J Radiol 2014; 6: 130–138. [ Link ]
3. Furukawa A, et al. CT diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischaemia from various causes. AJR 2009; 192: 408–416. [ Link ]
4. Duran R, et al. Multidetector CT features of mesenteric vein thrombosis. Radiographics 2012; 32: 1503–1522. [ Link ]
5. Lips LMJ, et al. Sigmoid cancer versus chronic diverticular disease: differentiating features at CT colonography. Radiology 2015; 275: 127–135. [ Link ]

Topic: Gastrointestinal ultrasound

Authors: Andreas Jessen Gjengstø, Kim Nylund, Hilde Løland von Volkmann and Odd Helge Gilja

Affiliation: Andreas J. Gjengstø is a Consultant at Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Haukelandsbakken 22, 5021 Bergen, Norway and currently working on his Ph.D at the University ofBergen, Norway. Kim Nylund is an Associate Professor at the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen and a Consultant and Clinical Researcher, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. Hilde L. vonVolkmann is a Consultant gastroenterologist, Head of the IBD-group Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,Haukeland University Hospital, Norway. Odd H. Gilja is a Professor at the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen; Senior Consultant and Director at National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.

Correspondence: andreas.jessen.gjengsto@helse-bergen.no

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/CCE7C5rPps4O

Conflicts of Interest: OHG has received speaker honoraria from the following companies: AbbVie, Bracco, Almirall, GE Healthcare, Takeda AS, Meda AS, Ferring AS, Allergan, and Janssen-Cilag. He has served as consultant for Bracco, GE Healthcare, Takeda and Samsung. KN and HLvV has received lecture fees from Takeda and Janssen. AJG has no conflict of interest.

References:

1. Maconi G, Nylund K, Ripollés T, Calabrese E, Dirks K, Dietrich CF, et al. EFSUMB recommendations and clinical guidelines for intestinal ultrasound (GIUS) in inflammatory bowel diseases. Ultraschall in der Medizin 2018; 39: 304–17. [ Link ]
2. Nylund K, Maconi G, Hollerweger A, Ripollés T, Pallotta N, Higginson A, et al. EFSUMB recommendations and guidelines for gastrointestinal ultrasound. Ultraschall in der Medizin 2017; 38: 273–84. [ Link ]
3. Maconi G, Hausken T, Dietrich CF, Pallotta N, Sporea I, Nürnberg D, et al. Gastrointestinal ultrasound in functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract – EFSUMB consensus statement. Ultrasound international open 2021; 7: E14–24. [ Link ]
4. Dirks K, Calabrese E, Dietrich CF, Gilja OH, Hausken T, Higginson A, et al. EFSUMB position paper: Recommendations for gastrointestinal ultrasound (GIUS) in acute appendicitis and diverticulitis. Ultraschall in der Medizin 2019; 40: 163–75. [ Link ]
5. Maconi G, Di Sabatino A, Ardizzone S, Greco S, Colombo E, Russo A, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of sonographic detection of enlarged regional lymph nodes in Crohn’s disease. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 2005; 40: 1328–33. [ Link ]
6. Dietrich CF, Hollerweger A, Dirks K, Higginson A, Serra C, Calabrese E, et al. EFSUMB gastrointestinal ultrasound (GIUS) task force group: Celiac sprue and other rare gastrointestinal diseases ultrasound features. Medical ultrasonography 2019; 21: 299–315. [ Link ]
7. Sævik F, Eriksen R, Eide GE, Gilja OH, Nylund K. Development and validation of a simple ultrasound activity score for Crohn’s disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis 2021; 15: 115–24. [ Link ]
8. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Chamaillard M, Gonzalez F, Béclin E, Decourcelle C, Antunes L, et al. Mesenteric fat in Crohn’s disease: A pathogenetic hallmark or an innocent bystander? Gut 2007; 56: 577–83. [ Link ]
9. Kucharzik T, Wittig BM, Helwig U, Börner N, Rössler A, Rath S, et al. Use of intestinal ultrasound to monitor Crohn’s disease activity. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology 2017; 15: 535–42.e2. [ Link ]
10. Maconi G, Greco S, Duca P, Ardizzone S, Massari A, Cassinotti A, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of sonographic evidence of mesenteric fat alterations in Crohn’s disease. Inflammatory bowel diseases 2008; 14: 1555–61. [ Link ]
11. Nylund K, Hausken T, Gilja OH. Ultrasound and inflammatory bowel disease. Ultrasound quarterly 2010; 26: 3–15. [ Link ]
12. Di Mizio R, Maconi G, Romano S, D’Amario F, Bianchi Porro G, Grassi R. Small bowel Crohn disease: Sonographic features. Abdominal imaging 2004; 29: 23–35. [ Link ]

Topic: Cases on call

Authors: Xavier Dray, Nathan Grellier and Antoine Guilloux

Affiliation: Xavier Dray is at the Centre for Digestive Endoscopy at Sorbonne University & APHP Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France. Nathan Grellier is at Sorbonne University, Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. Antoine Guilloux is at the Centre for Digestive Endoscopy, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France

Correspondence: xavier.dray@lrb.aphp.fr

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/NJVzqhkV1vtp

Conflicts of Interest: None.

References:

1. Gralnek IM, Stanley AJ, Morris AJ, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (NVUGIH): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - Update 2021. Endoscopy 2021; 53: 300–332. [ Link ]
2. Becq A, Camus M, Dray X. Foreign body ingestion: dos and don’ts. Frontline Gastroenterol 2021; 12: 664–670. [ Link ]
3. Ali Zargar S, Kochhar R, Mehta S, et al. The role of fiberoptic endoscopy in the management of corrosive ingestion and modified endoscopic classification of burns. Gastrointest Endosc 1991; 37: 165–169. [ Link ]
4. Chirica M, Resche-Rigon M, Zagdanski AM, et al. Computed Tomography Evaluation of Esophagogastric Necrosis After Caustic Ingestion. Ann Surg 2016; 264: 107. [ Link ]
5. Assalino M, Resche-Rigon M, Corte H, et al. Emergency computed tomography evaluation of caustic ingestion. Dis Esophagus 2022; 35: doac032. [ Link ]
6. Gajjar RA, Gupta PB. Foreign body in the rectum: A challenge for the emergency physician. J Family Med Prim Care 2016; 5: 495. [ Link ]
7. David Laharie. Mistakes in acute severe ulcerative colitis and how to avoid them. UEG Education 2023; 23: 19-21. [ Link ]
8. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure. J Hepatol 2017; 66: 1047–1081. [ Link ]

Topic: Ostomy management

Authors: Revital Barkan, Ian White and Iris Dotan

Affiliation: Revital Barkan is at the Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel. Ian White is at the Division of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel and the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Iris Dotan is at the Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel and the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Correspondence: barkan.revital@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/i62X5TMClma9

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Ambe PC, Kurz NR, Nitschke C, et al. Intestinal Ostomy: Classification, Indications, Ostomy Care and Complication Management. Deutsches Ärzteblatt international 2018. [ Link ]
2. Shimabukuro A. The Impact of an Ostomy Training Workshop on Occupational Therapy Practitioners’ and Students’ Confidence in Client Education on Ostomy Management. Doctoral dissertation, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA, 2023. [ Link ]
3. Clark M, Chur-Hansen A and Mikocka-Walus A. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Current and emerging models of preoperative psychological preparation for individuals undergoing stoma surgery. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2023; 168: 111211. [ Link ]
4. Liu Y, Wang L and Zhu L. The Impact of Stoma Management Education on the Self-care Abilities of Individuals with an Intestinal Stoma. Gastrointestinal Nursing 2023; 21: S14-S21. [ Link ]
5. Romero GGN. Early Preoperative Ostomy Education to Reduce Peristomal Skin Complications and Ostomy Pouch Leaks. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, USA, 2021.
6. Shoja M, Arsalani N, Fallahi-Khoshknab M, et al. The barriers and facilitators to nursing care for patients with permanent colostomy in outpatient centers: A qualitative study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion 2024; 13. [ Link ]
7. Yan H, Su Y and Wang L. Impact of Ahmadi Continuing Nursing Model on self-care ability, stoma complications and quality of life of colostomy patients. BMC Gastroenterology 2024; 24: 421. [ Link ]
8. Borwell B. Continuity of care for the stoma patient: psychological considerations. British Journal of Community Nursing 2009; 14: 326-331. [ Link ]
9. Marinova P and Marinova R. Patient-centred stoma care support: colostomy patients. British Journal of Community Nursing 2024; 29: 494-502. [ Link ]
10. Abd El-Rahman W, Mekkawy M, Sayed S, et al. Effect of Nursing Instructions on Self Care for Colostomy Patients. Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal 2020; 8: 96-105. [ Link ]
11. Nightingale JMD. How to manage a high-output stoma. Frontline Gastroenterology 2022; 13: 140-151. [ Link ]
12. Mitchell A, England C and Atkinson C. Provision of dietary advice for people with an ileostomy: a survey in the UK and Ireland. Colorectal Disease 2020; 22: 2222-2231. [ Link ]
13. Fernández-Gálvez A, Rivera S, Durán Ventura MDC, et al. Nutritional and Educational Intervention to Recover a Healthy Eating Pattern Reducing Clinical Ileostomy-Related Complications. Nutrients 2022; 14: 3431. [ Link ]
14. Migdanis A, Migdanis I and Koukoulis GD. Nutritional Considerations in Colorectal Surgery in Diverting Ileostomy Patients: A Review. Cureus 2023. [ Link ]

Topic: Interpreting liver function test abnormalities

Authors: Iris Kats, Frans J.C. Cuperus and Eric T. Tjwa

Affiliation: Iris Kats is a gastroenterology and hepatology resident at University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands. Frans JC Cuperus is a gastroenterologist and hepatologist at University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands. Eric T Tjwa is a gastroenterologist and hepatologist at Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Correspondence: f.j.c.cuperus@umcg.nl

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/ZVsg4KDKn6E7

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Donnan P, McLernon D, Dillon J, et al. Development of a decision support tool for primary care management of patients with abnormal liver function tests without clinically apparent liver disease: a record-linkage population cohort study and decision analysis (ALFIE). Health Technology Assessment 2009; 13: 1–156. [ Link ]
2. Whitfield JB. Gamma glutamyl transferase. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2001; 38: 263–355. [ Link ]
3. Jacquemin E. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2012; 36 Suppl 1: S26-35. [ Link ]
4. Rej R. Aspartate aminotransferase activity and isoenzyme proportions in human liver tissues. Clin Chem 1978; 24: 1971–9. [ Link ]
5. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Upper limits of normal for alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States population. Hepatology 2012; 55: 447–54. [ Link ]
6. Litin SC, O’Brien JF, Pruett S, et al. Macroenzyme as a cause of unexplained elevation of aspartate aminotransferase. Mayo Clin Proc 1987; 62: 681–7. [ Link ]
7. Han J-H, Kwak J-Y, Lee S-S, et al. Markedly Elevated Aspartate Aminotransferase from Non-Hepatic Causes. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2023; 12: 310. [ Link ]
8. Rosalki SB, Tarlow D, Rau D. Plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase elevation in patients receiving enzyme-inducing drugs. Lancet 1971; 2: 376–7. [ Link ]
9. Kalas MA, Chavez L, Leon M, et al. Abnormal liver enzymes: A review for clinicians. World J Hepatol 2021; 13: 1688–1698. [ Link ]
10. Bozkus F, Dikmen N, Sahin H, et al. Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Activity as a Potential Novel Cardiovascular Biomarker in COPD. Respir Care 2016; 61: 1465–1471. [ Link ]
11. Brennan PN, Dillon JF, Tapper EB. Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (γ-GT) - an old dog with new tricks? Liver Int 2022; 42: 9–15. [ Link ]
12. Dufour DR, Lott JA, Nolte FS, et al. Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury. I. Performance characteristics of laboratory tests. Clin Chem 2000; 46: 2027–49. [ Link ]
13. Lammers WJ, van Buuren HR, Hirschfield GM, et al. Levels of alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin are surrogate end points of outcomes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: an international follow-up study. Gastroenterology 2014; 147: 1338–49.e5; quiz e15. [ Link ]
14. Lowe D STZM et al. Alkaline Phosphatase. StatPearls [Internet]. [ Link ]
15. Van Hootegem P, Fevery J, Blanckaert N. Serum bilirubins in hepatobiliary disease: comparison with other liver function tests and changes in the postobstructive period. Hepatology 1985; 5: 112–7. [ Link ]
16. Cohen JA, Kaplan MM. The SGOT/SGPT ratio--an indicator of alcoholic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1979; 24: 835–8. [ Link ]
17. Allen JP, Litten RZ, Strid N, et al. The role of biomarkers in alcoholism medication trials. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 1119–25. [ Link ]
18. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2009; 51: 237–67. [ Link ]
19. Northup PG, Caldwell SH. Coagulation in liver disease: a guide for the clinician. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11: 1064–74. [ Link ]
20. Intagliata NM, Rahimi RS, Higuera-de-la-Tijera F, et al. Procedural-Related Bleeding in Hospitalized Patients With Liver Disease (PROC-BLeeD): An International, Prospective, Multicenter Observational Study. Gastroenterology 2023; 165: 717–732. [ Link ]
21. Edoardo G. Giannini, Stephen H. Caldwell. Mistakes in coagulation in liver disease and how to avoid them. UEG Mistakes In Articles. [ Link ]
22. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Drug-induced liver injury. J Hepatol 2019; 70: 1222–1261. [ Link ]
23. Haanen J, Obeid M, Spain L, et al. Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2022; 33: 1217–1238. [ Link ]
24. De Martin E, Michot J-M, Papouin B, et al. Characterization of liver injury induced by cancer immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Hepatol 2018; 68: 1181–1190. [ Link ]

Topic: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)

Authors: Julian G. Yeh and Philip N. Newsome

Affiliation: Julian G. Yeh is at the Department of Liver Medicine, Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK. Philip N. Newsome is a Professor, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

Correspondence: p.n.newsome@bham.ac.uk

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/IlfEjIyCGlHr

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J Hepatol 2023; 79: 1542–1556. [ Link ]
2. Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatol Baltim Md 2016; 64: 73–84. [ Link ]
3. Adam R, Karam V, Cailliez V, et al. 2018 Annual Report of the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) - 50-year evolution of liver transplantation. Transpl Int Off J Eur Soc Organ Transplant 2018; 31: 1293–1317. [ Link ]
4. Saeed N, Glass L, Sharma P, et al. Incidence and Risks for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Steatohepatitis Post-liver Transplant: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Transplantation 2019; 103: e345–e354. [ Link ]
5. Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, et al. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatol Baltim Md 2023; 77: 1335–1347. [ Link ]
6. Smits MM, Ioannou GN, Boyko EJ, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as an independent manifestation of the metabolic syndrome: results of a US national survey in three ethnic groups. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28: 664–670. [ Link ]
7. Lekakis V, Papatheodoridis GV. Natural history of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Eur J Intern Med 2024; 122: 3–10. [ Link ]
8. Ma X, Liu S, Zhang J, et al. Proportion of NAFLD patients with normal ALT value in overall NAFLD patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20: 10. [ Link ]
9. Mofrad P, Contos MJ, Haque M, et al. Clinical and histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with normal ALT values. Hepatol Baltim Md 2003; 37: 1286–1292. [ Link ]
10. Amarapurkar DN, Patel ND. Clinical spectrum and natural history of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with normal alanine aminotransferase values. Trop Gastroenterol Off J Dig Dis Found 2004; 25: 130–134. [ Link ]
11. Chen Y-T, Chen T-I, Yin S-C, et al. Prevalence, proportions of elevated liver enzyme levels, and long-term cardiometabolic mortality of patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2024; 39: 1939–1949. [ Link ]
12. Vogel W, Kathrein H, Dietze O, et al. Sonography of the liver in Wilson’s disease. Ultraschall Med Stuttg Ger 1980 1988; 9: 270–273. [ Link ]
13. Tacke F, Horn P, Wai-Sun Wong V, et al. EASL–EASD–EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J Hepatol 2024; S0168827824003295. [ Link ]
14. Harrison SA, Bedossa P, Guy CD, et al. A Phase 3, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resmetirom in NASH with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2024; 390: 497–509. [ Link ]
15. Francque S, Krag A, Shawcross DL, et al. A turning point in hepatology? EASL reflects on the first approved drug for MASH. Journal of Hepatology 2024; 81: 192–194. [ Link ]
16. Newsome PN, Ambery P. Incretins (GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual/triple agonists) and the liver. J Hepatol 2023; 79: 1557–1565. [ Link ]
17. Charlton MR, Burns JM, Pedersen RA, et al. Frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 1249–1253. [ Link ]
18. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Bayliss S, et al. Association Between Fibrosis Stage and Outcomes of Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterology 2020; 158: 1611-1625.e12. [ Link ]
19. Sanyal AJ, Van Natta ML, Clark J, et al. Prospective Study of Outcomes in Adults with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. N Engl J Med 2021; 385: 1559–1569. [ Link ]
20. Parker R, Kim S-J, Gao B. Alcohol, adipose tissue and liver disease: mechanistic links and clinical considerations. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15: 50–59. [ Link ]
21. Tandon P, Ney M, Irwin I, et al. Severe muscle depletion in patients on the liver transplant wait list: its prevalence and independent prognostic value. Liver Transplant Off Publ Am Assoc Study Liver Dis Int Liver Transplant Soc 2012; 18: 1209–1216. [ Link ]
22. Haldar D, Kern B, Hodson J, et al. Outcomes of liver transplantation for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A European Liver Transplant Registry study. J Hepatol 2019; 71: 313–322. [ Link ]
23. Mantovani A, Csermely A, Petracca G, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6: 903–913. [ Link ]
24. Paklar N, Mijic M, Filipec-Kanizaj T. The Outcomes of Liver Transplantation in Severe Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Patients. Biomedicines 2023; 11: 3096. [ Link ]
25. Villeret F, Dharancy S, Erard D, et al. Inevitability of disease recurrence after liver transplantation for NAFLD cirrhosis. JHEP Rep 2023; 5: 100668. [ Link ]
26. Newsome PN. Recurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after liver transplantation: it is common, but does it affect outcome? Liver Transplant Off Publ Am Assoc Study Liver Dis Int Liver Transplant Soc 2010; 16: 420–422. [ Link ]
27. Samji NS, Verma R, Keri KC, et al. Liver Transplantation for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Pathophysiology of Recurrence and Clinical Challenges. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64: 3413–3430. [ Link ]
28. Shetty A, Giron F, Divatia MK, et al. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease after Liver Transplant. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9: 428. [ Link ]
29. Heimbach JK, Watt KDS, Poterucha JJ, et al. Combined liver transplantation and gastric sleeve resection for patients with medically complicated obesity and end-stage liver disease. Am J Transplant Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transpl Surg 2013; 13: 363–368. [ Link ]

Topic: Alcohol-related liver disease

Authors: Francisco Faustino, Pedro Marques da Costa and Helena Cortez-Pinto

Affiliation: Francisco de Oliveira Faustino and Pedro Marques da Costa are at Serviço de Gastrenterologia e Hepatologia – Hospital de SantaMaria, Unidade Local de Saúde Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal. Helena Cortez-Pinto is also at Serviço de Gastrenterologia e Hepatologia – Hospital de Santa Maria and Laboratóriode Nutrição, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.

Correspondence: hcortezpinto@medicina.ulisboa.pt

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/gPBX3vACnr0N

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization, https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/274603 (2018, accessed 19 August 2024). [ Link ]
2. European Association for the Study of the Liver. HEPAHEALTH Project Report. EASL, https://easl.eu/publication/hepahealth-project-report/ (2018, accessed 19 August 2024). [ Link ]
3. Parker R, Aithal GP, Becker U, et al. Natural history of histologically proven alcohol-related liver disease: A systematic review. J Hepatol 2019; 71: 586–593. [ Link ]
4. Rehm J, Samokhvalov AV, Shield KD. Global burden of alcoholic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2013; 59: 160–168. [ Link ]
5. Levin DM, Baker AL, Riddell RH, et al. Nonalcoholic liver disease. Am J Med 1979; 66: 429–434. [ Link ]
6. Thursz M, Gual A, Lackner C, et al. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 2018; 69: 154–181. [ Link ]
7. Lazarus JV, Newsome PN, Francque SM, et al. Reply: A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology 2024; 79: E93–E94. [ Link ]
8. Mueller S. Increased liver stiffness in alcoholic liver disease: Differentiating fibrosis from steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 966. [ Link ]
9. Trabut J, Thépot V, Nalpas B, et al. Rapid Decline of Liver Stiffness Following Alcohol Withdrawal in Heavy Drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36: 1407–1411. [ Link ]
10. Mueller S. Non-invasive diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 14626. [ Link ]
11. Fernandez M, Trépo E, Degré D, et al. Transient elastography using Fibroscan is the most reliable noninvasive method for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in alcoholic liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27: 1074–1079. [ Link ]
12. Chin JL, Chan G, Ryan JD. Noninvasive Assessment of Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis With Ultrasound-based Elastography in Alcohol-related Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 1251–1252. [ Link ]
13. Lebrec D, Benhamou J-P. Noncirrhotic Intrahepatic Portal Hypertension. Semin Liver Dis 1986; 6: 332–340. [ Link ]
14. Smith C, Gasparetto M, Jordan C, et al. The Effects of Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenases on Disorders of Hematopoiesis. In: Vasiliou V, Zakhari S, Seitz HK, et al. (eds) Biological Basis of Alcohol-Induced Cancer. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 349–359. [ Link ]

Topic: Chronic hepatitis B management

Authors: Upkar S. Gill and Patrick T.F. Kennedy

Affiliation: Upkar Gill is an Academic Clinical Lecturer & Honorary Specialist Registrar in Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Patrick Kennedy is a Reader & Honorary Consultant Hepatologist at Barts Liver Centre, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.

Correspondence: p.kennedy@qmul.ac.uk

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/pCyDvt7EUWGl

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Stanaway JD, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, et al. The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2016; 388: 1081–1088. [ Link ]
2. Gill US and Kennedy PTF. The impact of currently licensed therapies on viral and immune responses in chronic hepatitis B: Considerations for future novel therapeutics. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26: 4–15. [ Link ]
3. Gill US and Kennedy PT. New insights in the management of chronic hepatitis B. Clin Med (Lond) 2015; 15: 191–196. [ Link ]
4. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2017; 67: 370–398. [ Link ]
5. Invernizzi F, Vigano M, Grossi G, et al. The prognosis and management of inactive HBV carriers. Liver Int 2016; 36 (Suppl 1): 100–104. [ Link ]
6. Yurdaydin C. Recent advances in managing hepatitis D. F1000Res 2017; 6: 1596. [ Link ]
7. Townsend SA and Newsome PN. Mistakes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and how to avoid them. UEG Education 2017; 17: 39–41. [ Link ]
8. Peleg N, Issachar A, Arbib OS, et al. Liver steatosis is a major predictor of poor outcomes in chronic hepatitis C patients with sustained virological response. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2019; 26: 1257–1265. [ Link ]
9. Seto WK. Chronic hepatitis B and metabolic risk factors: A call for rigorous longitudinal studies. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25: 282–286. [ Link ]

Topic: Hepatitis C

Authors: Ana Catarina Garcia and Gonçalo Alexandrino

Affiliation: Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Unidade Local de Saúde Amadora/Sintra, Portugal

Correspondence: goncaloalexandrino@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/yh118EGOoMkr

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Hepatitis C-Key facts, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c (accessed 23 April 2025). [ Link ]
2. Sallam M, Khalil R. Contemporary Insights into Hepatitis C Virus: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12: 1035. [ Link ]
3. Reiberger T, Lens S, Cabibbo G, et al. EASL position paper on clinical follow-up after HCV cure. J Hepatol 2024; 81: 326–344. [ Link ]
4. Krassenburg LAP, Zanjir WR, Georgie F, et al. Evaluation of Sustained Virologic Response as a Relevant Surrogate Endpoint for Long-term Outcomes of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72: 780–786. [ Link ]
5. Pawlotsky J-M, Negro F, Aghemo A, et al. EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C: Final update of the series. J Hepatol 2020; 73: 1170–1218. [ Link ]
6. World Health Organization (WHO). Updated recommendations on simplified service delivery and diagnostics for hepatitis C infection, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240052697 (accessed 23 April 2025). [ Link ]
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for Hepatitis C, https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html (2025, accessed 23 April 2025). [ Link ]
8. World Health Organization (WHO). Recommendations and guidance on hepatitis C virus self-testing, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031128 (accessed 23 April 2025). [ Link ]
9. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Practice Guidance for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C Virus Infection: 2023 Update, https://www.hcvguidelines.org/ (accessed 23 April 2025). [ Link ]
10. Idilman R. EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. Turk J Gastroenterol 2017; 28: 412–416. [ Link ]
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12. Gonzalez-Aldaco K, Torres-Reyes LA, Ojeda-Granados C, et al. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection: From Basics to Clinical and Nutritional Management. Clin Pract 2024; 14: 2542–2558. [ Link ]
13. Dhanasekaran R, Kwo PY. Hepatitis C and Hepatocellular Cancer: To Treat or Not to Treat. Clin Liver Dis 2021; 17: 169–173. [ Link ]
14. Lee YA, Friedman SL. Reversal, maintenance or progression: What happens to the liver after a virologic cure of hepatitis C? Antiviral Res 2014; 107: 23–30. [ Link ]
15. Terrault NA. Care of Patients Following Cure of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 14: 629–634. [ Link ]

Topic: Decompensated liver cirrhosis

Authors: Tammo L. Tergast, Christoph Beier and Benjamin Maasoumy

Affiliation: Tammo Tergast is an intern and medical scientist, and Christoph Beier is a resident at the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Benjamin Maasoumy is a senior attending physician, research group leaderand lecturer at the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, and a clinician scientist affiliated to the German Centre for Infection Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung DZIF), Partner-siteHannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany.

Correspondence: maasoumy.Benjamin@mh-hannover.de

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/hufIVvXWAXOK

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Jalan R, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a position statement based on the EASL Special Conference 2013. J Hepatol 2014; 60: 1310–1324. [ Link ]
2. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2018; 69: 406–460. [ Link ]
3. Moreau R, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1426–37, 1437.e1–9. [ Link ]
4. Arvaniti V, et al. Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 1246–56, 1256.e1–5. [ Link ]
5. Forgacs I and Loganayagam A. Overprescribing proton pump inhibitors. BMJ 2008; 336: 2–3. [ Link ]
6. Attwood S, et al. Long-term safety of proton pump inhibitor therapy assessed under controlled, randomised clinical trial conditions: data from the SOPRAN and LOTUS studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 1162–1174. [ Link ]
7. Dam G, et al. Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for hepatic encephalopathy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis with ascites. Hepatology 2016; 64: 1265–1272. [ Link ]
8. Tsai CF, et al. Proton pump inhibitors increase risk for hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis in a population study. Gastroenterology 2017; 152: 134–141. [ Link ]
9. Tergast TL, et al. Dose dependent impact of proton pump inhibitors on the clinical course of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Liver Int 2018; 38: 1602–1613. [ Link ]
10. Sturm L, et al. Treatment with proton pump inhibitors increases the risk for development of hepatic encephalopathy after implantation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). United European Gastroenterol J 2018; 6: 1380–1390. [ Link ]
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12. Hung T, et al. Effect of proton pump inhibitors on mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Annal Hepatol 2018; 17: 933–939. [ Link ]
13. Bajaj JS, et al. Systems biology analysis of omeprazole therapy in cirrhosis demonstrates significant shifts in gut microbiota composition and function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307: G951–G957. [ Link ]
14. Shaheen NJ, Stuart E, Schmitz SM, et al. Pantoprazole reduces the size of postbanding ulcers after variceal band ligation: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2005; 41: 588–594. [ Link ]
15. Piano S, et al. Epidemiology and effects of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis worldwide. Gastroenterology 2019; 156: 1368–1380.e10. [ Link ]
16. Fernández J, et al. Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and with acute-on-chronic liver failure in Europe. J Hepatol 2019; 70: 398–411. [ Link ]
17. Fernández J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of infections by multiresistant bacteria in cirrhosis: a prospective study. Hepatology 2012; 55: 1551–1561. [ Link ]
18. Lin C, et al. Should bleeding tendency deter abdominal paracentesis? Dig Liv Dis 2005; 37: 946–951. [ Link ]
19. Kim JJ, et al. Delayed paracentesis is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 1436–1442. [ Link ]
20. D’Amico G, Zipprich A, Villanueva C, et al. Further decompensation in cirrhosis: Results of a large multicenter cohort study supporting Baveno VII statements. Hepatology 2024; 79: 869–881. [ Link ]
21. Sundaram V, Shah P, Wong RJ, et al. Patients With Acute on Chronic Liver Failure Grade 3 Have Greater 14-Day Waitlist Mortality Than Status-1a Patients. Hepatology 2019; 70: 334–345. [ Link ]
22. Goldberg D, French B, Thomasson A, et al. Waitlist survival of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis in the model for end-stage liver disease era. Liver Transpl 2011; 17: 1355–1363. [ Link ]
23. Allgemeinen Teil der Richtlinien gemäß § 16 Abs. 1 S. 1 Nrn. 2 u. 5 TPG für die Wartelistenführung und Organvermittlung. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2023; 120: 116. [ Link ]
24. Berg T, Aehling NF, Bruns T, et al. S2k-Leitlinie Lebertransplantation der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie (DGAV). Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 2024; 62: 1397–1573. [ Link ]

Topic: Coagulation in liver disease

Authors: Edoardo G. Giannini and Stephen H. Caldwell

Affiliation: Edoardo G. Giannini is a Professor in the Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy. Stephen H. Caldwell is a Professor and Director of Clinical Research in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

Correspondence: egiannini@unige.it

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/jQzQTXfnzCi9

Conflicts of Interest: EGG reports acting as a consultant and serving on advisory boards for AbbVie, Bayer, EISAI, Gilead Sciences, GSK, MSD, Roche, Shionogi and SOBI. SHC reports receiving relevant research support from DOVA, Shionogi and Daiichi

References:

1. Intagliata NM, Argo CK, Stine JG, et al. Concepts and controversies in haemostasis and thrombosis associated with liver disease: Proceedings of the 7th International Coagulation in Liver Disease Conference. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118: 1491–1506. [ Link ]
2. Botta F, Giannini E, Romagnoli P, et al. MELD scoring system is useful for predicting prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis and is correlated with residual liver function: a European study. Gut 2003; 52: 134–139. [ Link ]
3. Giannini EG and Peck-Radosavljevic M. Platelet dysfunction: status of thrombopoietin in thrombocytopenia associated with chronic liver failure. Semin Thromb Hemost 2015; 41: 455–461. [ Link ]
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5. Intagliata NM, Davis JPE and Caldwell SH. Coagulation pathways, hemostasis, and thrombosis in liver failure. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 39: 598–608. [ Link ]
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7. Northup PG, Sundaram V, Fallon MB, et al. Hypercoagulation and thrombophilia in liver disease. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 2–9. [ Link ]
8. Søgaard KK, Horváth-Puhó E, Grønbaek H, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with liver disease: a nationwide population-based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 96–101. [ Link ]
9. Stine JG, Niccum BA, Zimmet AN, et al. Increased risk of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9: 140. [ Link ]
10. Tripodi A, Primignani M, Lemma L, et al. Evidence that low protein C contributes to the procoagulant imbalance in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2013; 59: 265–270. [ Link ]
11. Intagliata NM, Davis JPE, Lafond J, et al. Acute kidney injury is associated with low factor XIII in decompensated cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51: 1409–1415. [ Link ]
12. Zanetto A, Rinder HM, Campello E, et al. Acute kidney injury in decompensated cirrhosis is associated with both hypo- and hyper-coagulable features. Hepatology 2020; 72: 1327–1340. [ Link ]
13. Quick AJ. The prothrombin in hemophilia and in obstructive jaundice. J Biol Chem 1935; 109: 73–4.
14. Tripodi A, Caldwell SH, Hoffman M, et al. Review article: the prothrombin time test as a measure of bleeding risk and prognosis in liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 141–148. [ Link ]
15. Trotter JF, Olson J, Lefkowitz J, et al. Changes in international normalized ratio (INR) and model for endstage liver disease (MELD) based on selection of clinical laboratory. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 1624–1628. [ Link ]
16. Cruz-Ramón V, Chinchilla-López P, Ramírez-Pérez O, et al. Thrombosis of the portal venous system in cirrhotic vs. non-cirrhotic patients. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17: 476–481. [ Link ]
17. Intagliata NM, Caldwell SH and Tripodi A. Diagnosis, development, and treatment of portal vein thrombosis in patients with and without cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2019; 156: 1582–1599. [ Link ]
18. Hagerty T and Rich MW. Fall risk and anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the elderly: A delicate balance. Cleve Clin J Med 2017; 84: 35–40. [ Link ]
19. Ghabril M, Agarwal S, Lacerda M, et al. Portal vein thrombosis is a risk factor for poor early outcomes after liver transplantation: analysis of risk factors and outcomes for portal vein thrombosis in waitlisted patients. Transplantation 2016; 100: 126–133. [ Link ]
20. Pettinari I, Vukotic R, Stefanescu H, et al. Clinical impact and safety of anticoagulants for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2019; 114: 258–266. [ Link ]
21. Delgado MG, Seijo S, Yepes I, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation on patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 776–783. [ Link ]
22. Villa E, Cammà C, Marietta M, et al. Enoxaparin prevents portal vein thrombosis and liver decompensation in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2012; 143: 1253–1260. [ Link ]
23. Calvaruso V, Maimone S, Gatt A, et al. Coagulation and fibrosis in chronic liver disease. Gut 2008; 57: 1722–1727. [ Link ]
24. Davis JPE and Caldwell SH. Healing gone wrong: convergence of hemostatic pathways and liver fibrosis? Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134: 2189–2201. [ Link ]
25. Giannini EG, Stravitz RT and Caldwell SH. Portal vein thrombosis and chronic liver disease progression: The closer you look the more you see. Hepatology 2016; 63: 342–343. [ Link ]

Topic: Acute jaundice

Authors: Spyridon Siakavellas and George Papatheodoridis

Affiliation: Spyridon Siakavellas and George Papatheodoridis are both at the Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital ofAthens “Laiko”, Athens, Greece.

Correspondence: s.siakavellas@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/R4fdrrogCUh9

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Fevery J. Bilirubin in clinical practice: a review. Liver Int 2008; 28: 592–605. [ Link ]
2. Erlinger S, Arias IM and Dhumeaux D. Inherited disorders of bilirubin transport and conjugation: new insights into molecular mechanisms and consequences. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 1625–1638. [ Link ]
3. Marchand A, Galen RS and Van Lente F. The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease. JAMA 1980; 243: 1909–1911. [ Link ]
4. Vitek L, et al. Gilbert syndrome and ischemic heart disease: a protective effect of elevated bilirubin levels. Atherosclerosis 2002; 160: 449–456. [ Link ]
5. Vuppalanchi R, Liangpunsakul S and Chalasani N. Etiology of new-onset jaundice: how often is it caused by idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury in the United States? Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 558–562. [ Link ]
6. Chand N and Sanyal AJ. Sepsis-induced cholestasis. Hepatology 2007; 45: 230–241. [ Link ]
7. Giallourakis CC, Rosenberg PM and Friedman LS. The liver in heart failure. Clinics Liv Dis 2002; 6: 947–967. [ Link ]
8. van Lingen R, et al. Jaundice as a presentation of heart failure. J R Soc Med 2005; 98: 357–359. [ Link ]
9. Okwara CJ, et al. Jaundice: A thyroid problem? Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62: 1901–1905. [ Link ]
10. Saik RP, et al. Spectrum of cholangitis. Am J Surg 1975; 130: 143–150. [ Link ]
11. Miura F, et al. TG13 flowchart for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2013; 20: 47–54. [ Link ]
12. Thursz MR, et al. Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis. New Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1619–1628. [ Link ]
13. Crabb DW, et al. Standard definitions and common data elements for clinical trials in patients with alcoholic hepatitis: Recommendation From the NIAAA Alcoholic Hepatitis Consortia. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 785–790. [ Link ]

Topic: Liver transplantation

Authors: Patrizia Burra and Alberto Zanetto

Affiliation: Patrizia Burra and Alberto Zanetto are at the Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy.

Correspondence: burra@unipd.it

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/8fSrobWPcSRG

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Adam R, et al. 2018 Annual report of the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) – 50-year evolution of liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2018; 31: 1293–1317. [ Link ]
2. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2016; 64: 433–485. [ Link ]
3. Martin P, et al. Evaluation for liver transplantation in adults: 2013 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation. Hepatology 2014; 59: 1144–1165. [ Link ]
4. Russo FP, Ferrarese A and Zanetto A. Recent advances in understanding and managing liver transplantation. F1000Res 2016; 5. [ Link ]
5. Toniutto P, et al. Current challenges and future directions for liver transplantation. Liver Int 2017; 37: 317–327. [ Link ]
6. Burra P, et al. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease in Europe: a study from the ELTR (European Liver Transplant Registry). Am J Transplant 2010; 10: 138–148. [ Link ]
7. Testino G, et al. Management of end-stage alcohol-related liver disease and severe acute alcohol-related hepatitis: position paper of the Italian Society on Alcohol (SIA). Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52: 21–32. [ Link ]
8. Kotlyar DS, et al. A critical review of candidacy for orthotopic liver transplantation in alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 734–743. [ Link ]
9. Donckier V, et al. Ethical considerations regarding early liver transplantation in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis not responding to medical therapy. J Hepatol 2014; 60: 866–871. [ Link ]
10. Burra P and Germani G. Transplantation for acute alcoholic hepatitis. Clin Liver Dis 2017; 9: 141–143. [ Link ]
11. Donnadieu-Rigole H, et al. Integration of an Addiction Team in a Liver Transplantation Center. Liver Transpl 2019; 25: 1611–1619. [ Link ]
12. Erard-Poinsot D, et al. Natural history of recurrent alcohol-related cirrhosis after liver transplantation: fast and furious. Liver Transpl 2020; 26: 25–33. [ Link ]
13. Lucey MR, et al. Minimal criteria for placement of adults on the liver transplant waiting list: a report of a national conference organized by the American Society of Transplant Physicians and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 628–637. [ Link ]
14. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 2018; 69: 154–181. [ Link ]
15. Burra P, et al. Long-term medical and psycho-social evaluation of patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Transpl Int 2000; 13 (Suppl 1): S174–S178. [ Link ]
16. Tandon P, et al. A shorter duration of pre-transplant abstinence predicts problem drinking after liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1700–1706. [ Link ]
17. Burra P, et al. Common issues in the management of patients in the waiting list and after liver transplantation. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49: 241–253. [ Link ]
18. Mathurin P, et al. Early liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 1790–1800. [ Link ]
19. Germani G, et al. Role of a dedicated referral system for patients with liver disease and potential indication for liver transplantation: prospective data from a single centre experience. Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52: e46–e71. [ Link ]

Topic: Imaging hepatic lesions

Authors: Katja De Paepe

Affiliation: Katja De Paepe, Affiliate assistant professor at Cambridge, is an abdominal radiologist with a special interest in gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary imaging at the Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Hills Rd CB20QQ Cambridge, UK.

Correspondence: katja.depaepe@nhs.net

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/rbx1jXVLthrq

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Lim J, Singal AG. Surveillance and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical liver disease 2019; 13: 2–5. [ Link ]
2. Singal AG, Pillai A, Tiro J. Early detection, curative treatment, and survival rates for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis: A meta-analysis. PLoS medicine 2014; 11: e1001624. [ Link ]
3. Tzartzeva K, et al. Surveillance imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: A meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 1706–18.e1. [ Link ]
4. Simmons O, et al. Predictors of adequate ultrasound quality for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis. Alimentary pharmacology and therapeutics 2017; 45: 169–77. [ Link ]
5. LI-RADS® v2017 US Core. [ Link ]
6. Vietti Violi N, Fowler KJ, Sirlin CB, Taouli B. Abbreviated magnetic resonance imaging for HCC surveillance. Clinical liver disease 2021; 17: 133–8. [ Link ]
7. Zane KE, Cloyd JM, Mumtaz KS, Wadhwa V, Makary MS. Metastatic disease to the liver: Locoregional therapy strategies and outcomes. World journal of clinical oncology 2021; 12: 725–45. [ Link ]
8. Galle PR, et al. EASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hepatology 2018; 69: 182–236. [ Link ]
9. Alnammi M, Wortman J, Therrien J, Afnan J. MRI features of treated hepatocellular carcinoma following locoregional therapy: A pictorial review. Abdominal radiology (New York) 2022; 47: 2299–313. [ Link ]
10. Caseiro-Alves F, et al. Liver haemangioma: Common and uncommon findings and how to improve the differential diagnosis. European radiology 2007; 17: 1544–54. [ Link ]
11. Vilgrain V, et al. Imaging of atypical hemangiomas of the liver with pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2000; 20: 379–97. [ Link ]
12. Chen L, et al. Meta-analysis of gadoxetic acid disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of liver metastases. PLoS one 2012; 7: e48681. [ Link ]
13. Doo KW, et al. ’Pseudo washout’ sign in high-flow hepatic hemangioma on gadoxetic acid contrast-enhanced MRI mimicking hypervascular tumour. American journal of roentgenology 2009; 193: W490–6. [ Link ]

Topic: Pancreatobiliary imaging

Authors: Marianna Arvanitakis and Martina Pezzullo

Affiliation: Marianna Arvanitakis is a gastroenterologist in the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepato-pancreatology and Digestive Oncology. Martina Pezzullo is a radiologist in the Department of Radiology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.

Correspondence: marianna.arvanitaki@erasme.ulb.ac.be

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/w2DCm2P2NJ0D

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Harrington KA, Shukla-Dave A, Paudyal R, et al. MRI of the Pancreas. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2020; 53: 347–359. [ Link ]
2. Zamboni GA, Ambrosetti MC, Pezzullo M, et al. Optimum imaging of chronic pancreatitis. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020; 45: 1410–1419. [ Link ]
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5. Seo N, Kim SY, Lee SS, et al. Sclerosing cholangitis: clinicopathologic features, imaging spectrum, and systemic approach to differential diagnosis. Korean J Radiol 2016; 17: 25–38. [ Link ]
6. Kamisawa T, Zen Y, Nakazawa T, et al. Advances in IgG4-related pancreatobiliary diseases. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3: 575–585. [ Link ]
7. Katabathina VS, Dasyam AK, Dasyam N, et al. Adult bile duct strictures: role of MR imaging and MR cholangiopancreatography in characterization. Radiographics 2014; 34: 565–586. [ Link ]
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10. Klauss M, Maier-Hein K, Tjaden C, et al. IVIM DW-MRI of autoimmune pancreatitis: therapy monitoring and differentiation from pancreatic cancer. Eur Radiol 2016; 26: 2099–2106. [ Link ]

Topic: Endoscopic ultrasonography

Authors: Andrada Seicean and Rodica Gincul

Affiliation: Andrada Seicean is Professor of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu Cluj-Napoca, Romania, working in the Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Rodica Gincul works working in the Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Jean Mermoz Private Hospital, Lyon, France.

Correspondence: andradaseicean@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/GNVc4e81o8C5

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

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14. Tarantino I, et al. Complications of endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration on pancreatic cystic lesions: final results from a large prospective multicenter study. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46: 41–44. [ Link ]
15. Zhu H, et al. Assessment of morbidity and mortality associated with endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for pancreatic cystic lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Endosc 2017; 29: 667–675. [ Link ]
16. Kawakubo K, et al. A Prospective Multicenter Study Evaluating Bleeding Risk after Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration in Patients Prescribed Antithrombotic Agents. Gut Liver 2018; 12: 353–359. [ Link ]
17. Veitch AM, et al. Endoscopy in patients on antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy, including direct oral anticoagulants: British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guidelines. Endoscopy 2016; 48: C1. [ Link ]
18. Facciorusso A, Arvanitakis M, Crinò SF, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue sampling: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Technical and Technology Review. Endoscopy 2025; 57: 390–418. [ Link ]
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21. Han C, et al. A case report of esophageal bronchogenic cyst and review of the literature with an emphasis on endoscopic ultrasonography appearance. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: E3111. [ Link ]
22. Grandjean JP, et al. Vestigial retrorectal cystic tumors in adults: a review of 30 cases. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2008; 32: 769–778. [ Link ]
23. Asbun HJ, Conlon K, Fernandez-Cruz L, et al. When to perform a pancreatoduodenectomy in the absence of positive histology? A consensus statement by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery. Surgery 2014; 155: 887–892. [ Link ]
24. Shimosegawa T, Chari ST, Frulloni L, et al. International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for Autoimmune Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2011; 40: 352–358. [ Link ]
25. Möller K, Braden B, Culver EL, et al. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis and IgG4-sclerosing cholangitis – A review of cholangiographic and ultrasound imaging. Endoscopic Ultrasound 2023; 12: 181. [ Link ]
26. Yamashita Y, Shimokawa T, Napoléon B, et al. Value of contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography with enhancement pattern for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis. Digestive Endoscopy 2018; 31: 125–133. [ Link ]
27. Cho MK, Moon S-H, Song TJ, et al. Contrast-Enhanced Endoscopic ultrasound for differentially diagnosing autoimmune pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Gut And Liver 2018; 12: 591–596. [ Link ]
28. Zhang B, Zhu F, Li P, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound elastography in the diagnosis of pancreatic masses: A meta-analysis. Pancreatology 2018; 18: 833–840. [ Link ]
29. Iglesias-García J, Domínguez-Muñoz JE. Standardization of endoscopic ultrasound shear wave elastography. Clinical Endoscopy 2023; 56: 185–187. [ Link ]
30. Ohno E, et al. Feasibility and usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided shear-wave measurement for assessment of autoimmune pancreatitis activity: a prospective exploratory study. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2019; 46: 425–433. [ Link ]
31. Yoon SB, Moon S, Song TJ, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration versus biopsy for diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis: Systematic review and comparative meta-analysis. Digestive Endoscopy 2020; 33: 1024–1033. [ Link ]

Topic: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Authors: Mathieu Pioche, Jérôme Rivory, Thierry Ponchon and Marion Schaefer

Affiliation: Mathieu Pioche, is a physician at the Department of Endoscopy and Gastroenterology Edouard Herriot Hospital and INSERM U1032, LabTau. Jérôme Rivory is a physician at the Department of Endoscopy and Gastroenterology Edouard Herriot Hospital andINSERM U1032, LabTau. Thierry Ponchon is the Head of the Department of Endoscopy and Gastroenterology, Edouard HerriotHospital, Lyon, France, and INSERM U1032, LabTau, Lyon, France. Marion Schaefer is a physician at the HepatogastroenterologyDepartment at Nancy Regional University Hospital, Nancy, France.

Correspondence: mathieu.pioche@chu-lyon.fr

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/l781po1mk7rg

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

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9. Kylänpää L, et al. Transpancreatic biliary sphincterotomy versus double guidewire in difficult biliary cannulation: a randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy. 2021; 53: 1011-1019. [ Link ]
10. Levenick JM, et al. Rectal indomethacin does not prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis in consecutive patients. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 911–917. [ Link ]
11. Sethi S, et al. A meta-analysis on the role of rectal diclofenac and indomethacin in the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. Pancreas 2014; 43: 190–197. [ Link ]
12. Elmunzer BJ, et al. A randomized trial of rectal indomethacin to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1414–1422. [ Link ]
13. Park HS, Lee JM, Choi J-Y, et al. Preoperative Evaluation of Bile Duct Cancer: MRI Combined with MR Cholangiopancreatography Versus MDCT with Direct Cholangiography. American Journal of Roentgenology 2008; 190: 396–405. [ Link ]
14. Soares KC, et al. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: diagnosis, treatment options, and management. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2014; 3: 18–34. [ Link ]
15. Dumonceau J-M, Tringali A, Papanikolaou IS, et al. Endoscopic biliary stenting: indications, choice of stents, and results: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline - Updated October 2017. Endoscopy 2018; 50: 910–930. [ Link ]
16. Draganov PV, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of conventional and cholangioscopy-guided sampling of indeterminate biliary lesions at the time of ERCP: a prospective, long-term follow-up study. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75: 347–353. [ Link ]
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19. Guzmán-Calderón GE, Chirinos J, Díaz-Arocutipa C, et al. Covered Versus Uncovered Metal Stents for the Drainage of the Malignant Distal Biliary Obstruction With ERCP: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2025; 59: 276–284. [ Link ]

Topic: The management of acute pancreatitis

Authors: Georg Beyer, Simon Sirtl, Elisabeth Orgler and Julia Mayerle

Affiliation: Georg Beyer, Simon Sirtl, Elisabeth Orgler and Julia Mayerle are at the Department of Medicine II, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.

Correspondence: georg.beyer@med.uni-muenchen.de

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/sqeQO7hGlDC6

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

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9. Zorniak M, Beyer G and Mayerle J. Risk Stratification and Early Conservative Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis. Visceral Medicine 2019; 35: 82-89. [ Link ]
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15. de-Madaria E, Buxbaum JL, Maisonneuve P, et al. Aggressive or Moderate Fluid Resuscitation in Acute Pancreatitis. New England Journal of Medicine 2022; 387: 989-1000. [ Link ]
16. Wu BU, Hwang JQ, Gardner TH, et al. Lactated Ringer’s solution reduces systemic inflammation compared with saline in patients with acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 710-717 e711. [ Link ]
17. Investigators P, Rowan KM, Angus DC, et al. Early, Goal-Directed Therapy for Septic Shock - A Patient-Level Meta-Analysis. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 2223-2234. [ Link ]
18. Sun Y, Lu ZH, Zhang XS, et al. The effects of fluid resuscitation according to PiCCO on the early stage of severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2015; 15: 497–502. [ Link ]
19. Huber W, Umgelter A, Reindl W, et al. Volume assessment in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis: a comparison of intrathoracic blood volume index, central venous pressure, and hematocrit, and their correlation to cardiac index and extravascular lung water index. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 2348-2354. [ Link ]
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28. Di Martino M, Ielpo B, Pata F, et al. Timing of Cholecystectomy After Moderate and Severe Acute Biliary Pancreatitis. JAMA Surg 2023; 158: e233660. [ Link ]
29. van Brunschot S, van Grinsven J, van Santvoort HC, et al. Endoscopic or surgical step-up approach for infected necrotising pancreatitis: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2018; 391: 51-58. [ Link ]
30. Bang JY, Arnoletti JP, Holt BA, et al. An Endoscopic Transluminal Approach, Compared With Minimally Invasive Surgery, Reduces Complications and Costs for Patients With Necrotizing Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2019; 156: 1027-1040.e1023. [ Link ]
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Topic: Pancreatic cystic neoplasms

Authors: J. Enrique Domínguez-Muñoz and Giovanni Marchegiani

Affiliation: J. Enrique Domínguez-Muñoz is at the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Giovanni Marchegiani is at the Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, Italy.

Correspondence: juanenrique.dominguez@usc.es

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/0wlIPIfXq2M2

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Vilela A, Quingalahua E, Vargas A, et al. Global Prevalence of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions in the General Population on Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2024; 22: 1798-1809.e6. [ Link ]
2. Ohtsuka T, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Furukawa T, et al. International evidence-based Kyoto guidelines for the management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Pancreatology 2024; 24: 255–270. [ Link ]
3. The European Study Group on Cystic Tumours of the Pancreas. European evidence-based guidelines on pancreatic cystic neoplasms. Gut 2018; 67: 789–804. [ Link ]
4. Noia JL, Mejuto R, Oria I, et al. Rapid diagnosis of mucinous cystic pancreatic lesions by on-site cyst fluid glucometry. Surg Endosc 2022; 36: 2473–2479. [ Link ]
5. Rossi G, Petrone MC, Tacelli M, et al. Glucose and lactate levels are lower in EUS-aspirated cyst fluid of mucinous vs non-mucinous pancreatic cystic lesions. Dig Liver Dis 2024; 56: 836–840. [ Link ]
6. Khan I, Baig M, Bandepalle T, et al. Utility of Cyst Fluid Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Differentiating Mucinous and Non-mucinous Pancreatic Cysts: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67: 4541–4548. [ Link ]
7. McCarty TR, Garg R, Rustagi T. Pancreatic cyst fluid glucose in differentiating mucinous from nonmucinous pancreatic cysts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 94: 698-712.e6. [ Link ]
8. Li S, Wang Z, Pan C, et al. Comparative Performance of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Based Techniques in Patients With Pancreatic Cystic Lesions: A Network Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118: 243–255. [ Link ]
9. Haeberle L, Schramm M, Goering W, et al. Molecular analysis of cyst fluids improves the diagnostic accuracy of pre-operative assessment of pancreatic cystic lesions. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 2901. [ Link ]
10. Rift CV, Melchior LC, Kovacevic B, et al. Targeted next-generation sequencing of EUS-guided through-the-needle-biopsy sampling from pancreatic cystic lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2023; 97: 50-58.e4. [ Link ]
11. Kirschenbaum JD, Gonda TA. The Use of Integrated Molecular Testing in the Assessment and Management of Pancreatic Cysts. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2023; 25: 182–190. [ Link ]
12. Lisotti A, Napoleon B, Facciorusso A, et al. Contrast-enhanced EUS for the characterization of mural nodules within pancreatic cystic neoplasms: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 94: 881-889.e5. [ Link ]
13. Ohno E, Balduzzi A, Hijioka S, et al. Association of high-risk stigmata and worrisome features with advanced neoplasia in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN): A systematic review. Pancreatology 2024; 24: 48–61. [ Link ]
14. Fong ZV, Hernandez-Barco YG, Castillo CF. A Clinical Guide to the Management of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms: the Need for a More Graded Approach in Clinical Decision-making. J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 27: 1988–1998. [ Link ]

Topic: The medical management of IBD

Authors: Tim Raine and Nik Sheng Ding

Affiliation: Tim Raine is at the Department of Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. Nik Ding is at the Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.

Correspondence: tim.raine@addenbrookes.nhs.uk

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/thx4WixtgTtR

Conflicts of Interest: TR has received honoraria or consultation fees from Abbvie, Astellas, Dr Falk, Hospira, GSK, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer and Takeda. NSD has received honoraria or consultation fees from Abbvie, Dr Falk, Pfizer and Shire.

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27. Colombel JF, et al. Abstract 718 Superior endoscopic and deep remission outcomes in adults with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease managed with treat to target approach versus clinical symptoms: Data from CALM. Gastroenterology 2017; 152 (Suppl 1): S155. [ Link ]
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29. Kaplan GG, et al. Decreasing colectomy rates for ulcerative colitis: a population-based time trend study. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107: 1879–1887. [ Link ]
30. Yassin NA, et al. Systematic review: The combined surgical and medical treatment of fistulising perianal Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40: 741–749. [ Link ]
31. Travis SP, et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut 1996; 38: 905–910. [ Link ]
32. de Groof J, et al. OP015 Cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic ileocecal resection versus infliximab treatment of terminal ileitis in Crohn’s disease: the LIR!C TRIAL. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11 (Suppl 1): S9–S10. [ Link ]

Topic: Newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease

Authors: Joana Roseira and Nurulamin Noor

Affiliation: Joana Roseira is at the Gastroenterology Department – Unidade Local de Saúde do Algarve, Unidade de Portimão, Portugal, and ABC – Algarve Biomedical Center, Portugal. Nurulamin Noor is at the Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK, and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK

Correspondence: nn281@cam.ac.uk

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/Zdn0ZAXZIv02

Conflicts of Interest: JR declares advisory board fees from Abbvie and speaker’s fees from Abbvie and Janssen. NN declares educational/travel grants and/or speaker fees from AbbVie, BMS, Celltrion, Dr Falk, Ferring, J&J, Lilly, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, Takeda and Tillotts.

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Topic: Therapeutic drug monitoring of biologics in IBD

Authors: Konstantinos Papamichail and Adam S. Cheifetz

Affiliation: Konstantinos Papamichail is a Physician Scientist at the Center of Inflammatory Bowel Disease at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, USA. Adam S. Cheifetz is the Director of the Center of Inflammatory Bowel Disease at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA and an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, USA.

Correspondence: kpapamic@bidmc.harvard.edu

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/mrCRp4yUge5d

Conflicts of Interest: K.P. received lecture/speaker fees from Physicians Education Resource LLC and Grifols; scientific advisory board fees from ProciseDx Inc and Scipher Medicine Corporation; and serves as a consultant for Prometheus Laboratories Inc. A.S.C. served as a consultant and or advisory board member for Janssen, Abbvie, Protagonist, Spherix, Artizan, Food is Good, Clario, Pfizer, Fresenius Kabi, Artugen, ProciseDx, Prometheus, Equillium, Samsung, Arena, Grifols, Bacainn, Bristol Myers Squibb, Takeda; unbranded speaker for BMS and Abbvie.

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Topic: Biomarkers for IBD

Authors: Christopher Palmer-Jones and James C. Lee

Affiliation: Christopher Palmer-Jones is a Senior Fellow in Gastroenterology and IBD at the Royal Free Hospital, Pond St, London, UK. James Lee is a Clinician Scientist Group Leader at the Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, UK, where he leads the Genetic Mechanisms of Disease laboratory, and an Honorary Consultant Gastroenterologist at the Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.

Correspondence: james.lee@crick.ac.uk

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/TPFTARtXD0qf

Conflicts of Interest: CPJ has no conflicts of interest. JCL reports financial support for research from GSK, consultancy fees from Abbvie, AgPlus Diagnostics, PredictImmune and C4X Discovery, and is a co-inventor on a patent, “Biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease”.

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7. Loly C, Belaiche J, Louis E. Predictors of severe Crohn’s disease. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 2008; 43: 948–54. [ Link ]
8. Torres J, Caprioli F, Katsanos KH, et al. Predicting Outcomes to Optimize Disease Management in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Journal of Crohn’s & colitis 2016; 10: 1385–1394. [ Link ]
9. Cosnes J, Bourrier A, Nion-Larmurier I, et al. Factors affecting outcomes in Crohn’s disease over 15 years. Gut 2012; 61: 1140–5. [ Link ]
10. Solberg IC, et al. Clinical course during the first 10 years of ulcerative colitis: results from a population-based inception cohort (IBSEN Study). Scand J Gastroenterol 44: 431-440. [ Link ]
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12. Targownik LE, Singh H, Nugent Z, et al. The epidemiology of colectomy in ulcerative colitis: results from a population-based cohort. The American journal of gastroenterology 2012; 107: 1228–35. [ Link ]
13. Gibson G. Going to the negative: genomics for optimized medical prescription. Nature Reviews Genetics 2018; 20: 1–2. [ Link ]
14. Lee JC, Biasci D, Roberts R, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies distinct genetic contributions to prognosis and susceptibility in Crohn’s disease. Nature genetics 2017; 49: 262–268. [ Link ]
15. Biasci D, Lee JC, Noor NM, et al. A blood-based prognostic biomarker in IBD. Gut 2019; 68: 1386–1395. [ Link ]
16. Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Walters TD, et al. Prediction of complicated disease course for children newly diagnosed with Crohn’s disease: a multicentre inception cohort study. Lancet (London, England) 2017; 389: 1710–1718. [ Link ]
17. Ferrante M, Henckaerts L, Joossens M, et al. New serological markers in inflammatory bowel disease are associated with complicated disease behaviour. Gut 2007; 56: 1394–403. [ Link ]
18. Amre DK, Lu S-E, Costea F, et al. Utility of serological markers in predicting the early occurrence of complications and surgery in pediatric Crohn’s disease patients. The American journal of gastroenterology 2006; 101: 645–52. [ Link ]
19. Seow CH, Stempak JM, Xu W, et al. Novel anti-glycan antibodies related to inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis and phenotype. The American journal of gastroenterology 2009; 104: 1426–34. [ Link ]
20. Israeli E, Grotto I, Gilburd B, et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies as predictors of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2005; 54: 1232–6. [ Link ]
21. Bodecker-Zingmark L, Widbom L, Hultdin J, et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Antibodies Are Only Modestly More Common in Subjects Later Developing Crohn’s Disease. Digestive diseases and sciences 2023; 68: 608–615. [ Link ]
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Topic: Nutrition in IBD

Authors: Joseph Meredith, Konstantinos Gerasimidis and Richard K. Russell

Affiliation: Joseph Meredith is a paediatric gastroenterologist, and Richard K Russell is a consultant paediatric gastroenterologist and professor of paediatric gastroenterology and nutrition in the Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, The Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK. Konstantinos Gerasimidis is a professor of clinical nutrition at the School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.

Correspondence: josephjmeredith@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/m23gANb0qo9Q

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Ruemmele F, et al. Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8: 1179–1207. [ Link ]
2. Swaminath A, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: enteral nutrition therapy for the induction of remission in paediatric Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46: 645–656. [ Link ]
3. Matstui T, Sakurai T and Yao T. Nutritional therapy for Crohn’s disease in Japan. J Gastroenterol 2005; 4016: 25–31. [ Link ]
4. Narula N, et al. Enteral nutritional therapy for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Revs 2018; 4: CD000542. [ Link ]
5. Pigneur B, et al. Mucosal healing and bacterial composition in response to enteral nutrition vs steroid-based induction therapy—A randomised prospective clinical trial in children with Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13: 846–855. [ Link ]
6. Borrelli O, et al. Polymeric diet alone versus corticosteroids in the treatment of active pediatric Crohn’s disease: a randomized controlled open-label trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 744–753. [ Link ]
7. Grover Z, Muir R and Lewindon P. Exclusive enteral nutrition induces early clinical, mucosal and transmural remission in paediatric Crohn’s disease. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49: 638–645. [ Link ]
8. Day A, et al. Exclusive enteral nutrition: An optimal care pathway for use in adult patients with active Crohn’s disease. JGH Open 2020; 4: 260–266. [ Link ]
9. Johnson T, et al. Treatment of active Crohn’s disease in children using partial enteral nutrition with liquid formula: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2006; 55: 356–361. [ Link ]
10. Levine A, et al. Crohn’s disease exclusion diet plus partial enteral nutrition induces sustained remission in a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2019; 157: 440–450. [ Link ]
11. Lewis JD, et al. Inflammation, antibiotics, and diet as environmental stressors of the gut microbiome in pediatric Crohn’s disease. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18: 489–500. [ Link ]
12. Svolos V, et al. Treatment of active Crohn’s disease with an ordinary food-based diet that replicates exclusive enteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 2019; 156: 1354–1367. [ Link ]
13. Yang Q, et al. Efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition in complicated Crohn’s disease. Scandinavian J Gastroenterol 2017; 52: 995–1001. [ Link ]
14. Grass F, et al. Preoperative nutritional conditioning of Crohn’s patients—systematic review of current evidence and practice. Nutrients 2017; 9: 562. [ Link ]
15. Rocha A, et al. Preoperative enteral nutrition and surgical outcomes in adults with Crohn’s disease: a systematic review. GE Port J Gastroenterol 2019; 26: 184–195. [ Link ]
16. Heerasing N, et al. Exclusive enteral nutrition provides an effective bridge to safer interval elective surgery for adults with Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45: 660–669. [ Link ]

Topic: Malignancy surveillance in IBD

Authors: Matthew D. Rutter, Edyta Tulewicz-Marti and Axel Dignass

Affiliation: Edyta Tulewicz-Marti is at the Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of Interior Affairs and Administration-Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. Axel Dignass is at the Department of Medicine I, Agaplesion Markus Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Matthew Rutter is Professor of Gastroenterology at Newcastle University and the University Hospital of North Tees, UK.

Correspondence: e.tulewicz@gmail.com ; matt.rutter@nhs.net

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/mzdUeeTpmX3z ; https://gutflix.eu/r/dRGlg7cb2wni

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

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14. Elford AT, Hirsch R, McKay OM, et al. Identifying the real-world challenges of dysplasia surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary health network. Intern Med J 2024; 54: 96–103. [ Link ]
15. McMillan C, Li DK, Mohamed G, et al. Longer Colonoscopy Withdrawal Time Is Associated With the Detection of Visible Dysplasia in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Crohns Colitis 360 2024; 6: otae020. [ Link ]
16. Eder P, Łodyga M, Gawron-Kiszka M, et al. Guidelines for the management of ulcerative colitis. Recommendations of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology and the Polish National Consultant in Gastroenterology. Gastroenterol Rev 2023; 18: 1–42. [ Link ]
17. Laukoetter MG, Mennigen R, Hannig CM, et al. Intestinal Cancer Risk in Crohn’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15: 576–583. [ Link ]
18. Adamina M, Feakins R, Iacucci M, et al. ECCO Topical Review Optimising Reporting in Surgery, Endoscopy, and Histopathology. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15: 1089–1105. [ Link ]
19. Gordon H, Biancone L, Fiorino G, et al. ECCO Guidelines on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Malignancies. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17: 827–854. [ Link ]
20. Baars JE, Kuipers EJ, Dijkstra G, et al. Malignant transformation of perianal and enterocutaneous fistulas is rare: results of 17 years of follow-up from The Netherlands. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 319–325. [ Link ]
21. Trivedi PJ, Crothers H, Mytton J, et al. Effects of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis on Risks of Cancer and Death in People With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Based on Sex, Race, and Age. Gastroenterology 2020; 159: 915–928. [ Link ]
22. Catanzaro E, Gringeri E, Burra P, et al. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Associated Cholangiocarcinoma: From Pathogenesis to Diagnostic and Surveillance Strategies. Cancers 2023; 15: 4947. [ Link ]
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27. Yu J, Refsum E, Wieszczy P, et al. Risk of malignant lymphomas in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2023; 10: e001037. [ Link ]
28. Tulewicz-Marti E, Stępień-Wrochna B, Maciejewska K, et al. Awareness and Compliance with the Recommendations of Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Pers Med 2023; 13: 913. [ Link ]
29. Huang S, Liu Z, Liao W, et al. Risk of skin cancers in thiopurines-treated and thiopurines-untreated patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34: 507–516. [ Link ]
30. Ariyaratnam J, Subramanian V. Association Between Thiopurine Use and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 163–169. [ Link ]
31. Al-Bawardy B, Alfadley AF, Almousallam M, et al. Epstein-Barr virus seroprevalence among inflammatory bowel disease patients in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2024; 30: 168–172. [ Link ]
32. Calafat M, Mañosa M, Cañete F, et al. Increased risk of thiopurine-related adverse events in elderly patients with IBD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 50: 780–788. [ Link ]
33. Sturm A, Maaser C, Mendall M, et al. European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation Topical Review on IBD in the Elderly. J Crohns Colitis 2016; jjw188. [ Link ]
34. Beaugerie L, Rahier J-F, Kirchgesner J. Predicting, Preventing, and Managing Treatment-Related Complications in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18: 1324-1335.e2. [ Link ]
35. Dahmus J, Rosario M, Clarke K. Risk of Lymphoma Associated with Anti-TNF Therapy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Implications for Therapy. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2020; Volume 13: 339–350. [ Link ]

Topic: Opportunistic infections and vaccinations in IBD

Authors: Paul McLellan and Julien Kirchgesner

Affiliation: Julien Kirchgesner is Associate Professor at the Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France. Paul McLellan is Assistant Professor at the Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.

Correspondence: julien.kirchgesner@gmx.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/gvWIoKA9ROH4

Conflicts of Interest: JK acknowledges receiving lectures fees from Gilead, Roche and Pfizer. PM declares no conflicts of interest.

References:

1. Jiang HY, Wang SY, Deng M, et al. Immune response to hepatitis B vaccination among people with inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2017; 35: 2633–41. [ Link ]
2. Taxonera C, Ponferrada Á, Bermejo F, et al. Early tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11: 792–800. [ Link ]
3. Annese V, Beaugerie L, Egan L, et al. European evidence-based consensus: inflammatory bowel disease and malignancies. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 945–65. [ Link ]
4. Griffin G, Shenoi S and Hughes GC. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2020; 34: 101515. [ Link ]
5. Beaugerie L, Rahier JF and Kirchgesner J. Predicting, preventing, and managing treatment-related complications in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18: 1324–1335.e2. [ Link ]
6. Winthrop KL, Melmed GY, Vermeire S, et al. Herpes zoster infection in patients with ulcerative colitis receiving tofacitinib. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24: 2258–65. [ Link ]
7. Kucharzik T, Ellul P, Greuter T, et al. ECCO guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and management of infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15: 879–913. [ Link ]

Topic: Acute severe ulcerative colitis

Authors: David Laharie

Affiliation: David Laharie is an academic researcher and a gastroenterologist at the University Hospital Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.

Correspondence: david.laharie@chu-bordeaux.fr

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/k7ktwcMk0RHZ

Conflicts of Interest: DL declares conflicts of interest with Abbvie, Amgen, Biogen, Celgene, Celltrion, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Pfizer, Takeda, Theradiag, Tillots

References:

1. Dinesen LC, Walsh AJ, Protic MN, et al. The pattern and outcome of acute severe colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2010; 4: 431-7. [ Link ]
2. Adams A, Gupta V, Mohsen W, et al. Early management of acute severe UC in the biologics era: development and international validation of a prognostic clinical index to predict steroid response. Gut 2023; 72: 433-442. [ Link ]
3. Spinelli A, Bonovas S, Burisch J, et al. ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Ulcerative Colitis: Surgical Treatment. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16: 179–89. [ Link ]
4. Dong C, Metzger M, Holsbø E, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: mortality in acute severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51: 8-33. [ Link ]
5. Lynch RW, Lowe D, Protheroe A, et al. Outcomes of rescue therapy in acute severe ulcerative colitis: data from the United Kingdom inflammatory bowel disease audit. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 935-45. [ Link ]
6. Justiniano CF, Aquina CT, Becerra AZ, et al. Postoperative Mortality After Nonelective Surgery for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients in the Era of Biologics. Ann Surg 2019; 269: 686–91. [ Link ]
7. Lee H-S, Park SH, Kim S-H, et al. Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Cytomegalovirus Colitis in Patients with Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22: 912–8. [ Link ]
8. Nguyen GC, Kaplan GG, Harris ML, Brant SR. A National Survey of the Prevalence and Impact of Clostridium difficile Infection Among Hospitalized Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 1443–50. [ Link ]
9. Negrón ME, Rezaie A, Barkema HW, et al. Ulcerative Colitis Patients With Clostridium difficile are at Increased Risk of Death, Colectomy and Postoperative Complications: A Population-Based Inception Cohort Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111: 691–704. [ Link ]
10. Grainge MJ, West J, Card TR. Venous thromboembolism during active disease and remission in inflammatory bowel disease: a cohort study. Lancet 2010; 375: 657-63. [ Link ]
11. Turner D, Walsh CM, Steinhart AH, Griffiths AM. Response to Corticosteroids in Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature and a Meta-Regression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 103–10. [ Link ]
12. Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1841-5. [ Link ]
13. Travis SP, Farrant JM, Ricketts C, et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut 1996; 38: 905–10. [ Link ]
14. Jarnerot G, Hertervig E, Friis-Liby I, et al. Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe to moderately severe ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 1805-11. [ Link ]
15. Laharie D, Bourreille A, Branche J, et al. Ciclosporine versus infliximab in acute severe colitis refractory to intravenous steroids: a randomized study. Lancet 2012; 380: 1909-15. [ Link ]
16. Hanauer S, Panaccione R, Danese S, et al. Tofacitinib Induction Therapy Reduces Symptoms Within 3 Days for Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17: 139-47. [ Link ]
17. Gisbert JP, García MJ, Chaparro M. Rescue Therapies for Steroid-refractory Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Review. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis 2023; 17: 972–994. [ Link ]
18. Berinstein JA, Sheehan JL, Dias M, et al. Tofacitinib for Biologic-Experienced Hospitalized Patients With Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19: 2112-20. [ Link ]
19. Kaplan GG, McCarthy EP, Ayanian JZ, et al. Impact of hospital volume on postoperative morbidity and mortality following a colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 680-7. [ Link ]
20. Parc Y, Reboul-Marty J, Lefevre JH, et al. Restorative Proctocolectomy and Ileal Pouch-anal Anastomosis. Ann Surg 2015; 262: 849-53. [ Link ]

Topic: The management of postoperative Crohn’s disease

Authors: Eugeni Domènech and Míriam Mañosa

Affiliation: Eugeni Domènech is Head of the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, and Míriam Mañosa is Head of the Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.

Correspondence: eugenidomenech@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/8Zr8IOOT5dP9

Conflicts of Interest: ED has served as a speaker for, or has received research or education funding or advisory fees from, AbbVie, Adacyte Therapeutics, Biogen, Celltrion, Gilead, Janssen, Kern Pharma, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung, Takeda, and Tillots. MM has served as a speaker, consultant and advisory member for, or has received research funding from, AbbVie, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Shire Pharmaceuticals, Faes, Takeda and Tillots.

References:

1. Bossuyt P, et al. The operative risk and natural history after the diagnosis of ileal penetrating Crohn’s disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 30: 539–545. [ Link ]
2. Domènech E, Mañosa M and Cabré E. An overview of the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis 2014; 32: 320–327. [ Link ]
3. Rutgeerts P, et al. Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 956–963. [ Link ]
4. Domènech E, et al. Recommendations of the Spanish Working Group on Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis (GETECCU) on the monitoring, prevention and treatment of postoperative recurrence in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 40: 472–483. [ Link ]
5. Nguyen GC, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the management of Crohn’s disease after surgical resection. Gastroenterology 2017; 152: 271–275. [ Link ]
6. Mañosa M, et al. Addition of metronidazole to azathioprine for the prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 1889–1895. [ Link ]
7. Ferrante M, et al. Systematic versus endoscopy-driven treatment with azathioprine to prevent postoperative ileal Crohn’s disease recurrence. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 617–624. [ Link ]
8. De Cruz P, et al. Crohn’s disease management after intestinal resection: a randomised trial. Lancet 2015; 385: 1406–1417. [ Link ]
9. Rivière P, et al. Rates of postoperative recurrence of Crohn’s disease and effects of immunosuppressive and biologic therapies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19: 713–720. [ Link ]

Topic: Microscopic colitis

Authors: Andreas Münch

Affiliation: Andreas Münch is a senior consultant gastroenterologist in the Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences at Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, and President of the European Microscopic Colitis Group (EMCG).

Correspondence: andreas.munch@regionostergotland.se

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/X1bddxmZdO8d

Conflicts of Interest: AM has received consulting fees from Ferring, Vifor, Falk Pharma and Tillotts; lecture fees from Ferring, Vifor, Janssen and Tillotts, and has received an unrestricted grant from Ferring and Tillotts.

References:

1. Miehlke S, Guagnozzi D, Zabana Y, et al. European guidelines on microscopic colitis: United European Gastroenterology and European Microscopic Colitis Group statements and recommendations. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2021; 9: 13–37. [ Link ]
2. Guagnozzi D, Arias A and Lucendo AJ. Systematic review with meta-analysis: diagnostic overlap of microscopic colitis and functional bowel disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43: 851–862. [ Link ]
3. Langner C, Aust D, Ensari A, et al. Histology of microscopic colitis — review with a practical approach for pathologists. Histopathology 2015; 66: 613–626. [ Link ]
4. Hjortswang H, Tysk C, Bohr J, et al. Defining clinical criteria for clinical remission and disease activity in collagenous colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15: 1875–1881. [ Link ]
5. Münch A, Mihaly E, Nagy F, et al. Budesonide as induction therapy for incomplete microscopic colitis: A randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre trial. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2021; 9: 837–847. [ Link ]

Topic: IBD and reproduction

Authors: Ilse Molendijk, Shannon L. Kanis and C. Janneke van der Woude

Affiliation: Ilse Molendijk, Janneke van der Woude and Shannon Kanis are at the Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Correspondence: c.vanderwoude@erasmusmc.nl

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/drYxWtLZnlup

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

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2. Hudson M, et al. Fertility and pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997; 58: 229–237. [ Link ]
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5. Torres J, et al. European Crohn’s and colitis guidelines on sexuality, fertility, pregnancy and lactation. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17: 1–27. [ Link ]
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Topic: Clinical investigation of gastrointestinal motility

Authors: Mark Fox

Affiliation: Mark Fox is at the Abdominal Center: Gastroenterology,St. Claraspital, CH-4016 Basel, Switzerland, and is Professor at theUniversity of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Correspondence: dr.mark.fox@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/PHEM5K6DtcU1

Conflicts of Interest: MF has received funding for research and/orsupport of educational projects by Given Imaging/Medtronic,Sandhill Scientific Instruments and Medical MeasurementSystems, Mui Scientific, Reckitt Benckiser, Astra Zeneca andNestlé.

References:

1. Farthing M, et al. Survey of digestive health across Europe: Final report. Part 1: The burden of gastrointestinal diseases and the organisation and delivery of gastroenterology services across Europe. United European Gastroenterol J 2014; 2: 539–543. [ Link ]
2. Ford AC, et al. What is the prevalence of clinically significant endoscopic findings in subjects with dyspepsia? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 830–837, 837 e1–2. [ Link ]
3. Patel P, et al. Prevalence of organic disease at colonoscopy in patients with symptoms compatible with irritable bowel syndrome: cross-sectional survey. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50: 816–823. [ Link ]
4. Spiegel BM, et al. Is a negative colonoscopy associated with reassurance or improved health-related quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome? Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 892–899. [ Link ]
5. Locke GR, 3rd, et al. Overlap of gastrointestinal symptom complexes in a US community. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005; 17: 29–34. [ Link ]
6. Hungin AP, Hill C and Raghunath A. Systematic review: Frequency and reasons for consultation for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30: 331–342. [ Link ]
7. Kahrilas PJ, et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the management of oesophageal motility disorders in the era of high-resolution manometry: a focus on achalasia syndromes. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14: 677–688. [ Link ]
8. Savarino E, et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the physiological assessment and diagnosis of GERD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14: 665–676. [ Link ]
9. Keller J, et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the diagnosis and classification of gastric and intestinal motility disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15: 291–308. [ Link ]
10. Carrington EV, et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the evaluation of anorectal function. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15: 309–323. [ Link ]

Topic: Dyspepsia

Authors: Mark Fox

Affiliation: Mark Fox is at the Abdominal Center: Gastroenterology,St. Claraspital, CH-4016 Basel, Switzerland, and is Professor at theUniversity of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Correspondence: dr.mark.fox@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/kC7hUop6A4tM

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

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2. Ford AC, Marwaha A, Lim A, et al. What Is the Prevalence of Clinically Significant Endoscopic Findings in Subjects With Dyspepsia? Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2010; 8: 830-837.e2. [ Link ]
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5. Farré R, Vanheel H, Vanuytsel T, et al. In Functional Dyspepsia, Hypersensitivity to Postprandial Distention Correlates With Meal-Related Symptom Severity. Gastroenterology 2013; 145: 566–573. [ Link ]
6. Vanheel H, Vanuytsel T, Van Oudenhove L, et al. Postprandial symptoms originating from the stomach in functional dyspepsia. Neurogastroenterology Motil 2013; 25: 911. [ Link ]
7. Ford AC, Marwaha A, Lim A, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Individuals With Dyspepsia. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2010; 8: 401–409. [ Link ]
8. Hungin APS, Hill C, Raghunath A. Systematic review: frequency and reasons for consultation for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30: 331–342. [ Link ]
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10. Rich G, Shah A, Koloski N, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial on the effects of Menthacarin, a proprietary peppermint- and caraway-oil-preparation, on symptoms and quality of life in patients with functional dyspepsia. Neurogastroenterology Motil 2017; 29: e13132. [ Link ]
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12. Thomas E, Wade A, Crawford G, et al. Randomised clinical trial: relief of upper gastrointestinal symptoms by an acid pocket-targeting alginate–antacid (Gaviscon Double Action) – a double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39: 595–602. [ Link ]
13. Pinto-Sanchez MI, Yuan Y, Bercik P, et al. Proton pump inhibitors for functional dyspepsia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2017; 3: CD011194. [ Link ]
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16. Heikkinen M, Pikkarainen P, Takala J, et al. Etiology of Dyspepsia: Four Hundred Unselected Consecutive Patients in General Practice. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1995; 30: 519–523. [ Link ]
17. Spiegel BMR, Gralnek IM, Bolus R, et al. Is a negative colonoscopy associated with reassurance or improved health-related quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome? Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2005; 62: 892–899. [ Link ]
18. Soo S, Forman D, Delaney BC, et al. A Systematic Review of Psychological Therapies for Nonulcer Dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 1817–1822. [ Link ]
19. Drossman DA, Whitehead WE, Toner BB, et al. What determines severity among patients with painful functional bowel disorders? Am J Gastroenterology 2000; 95: 974–980. [ Link ]
20. Santonicola A. Prevalence of functional dyspepsia and its subgroups in patients with eating disorders. WJG 2012; 18: 4379. [ Link ]
21. Hay P, Mitchison D, Collado AEL, et al. Burden and health-related quality of life of eating disorders, including Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), in the Australian population. J Eat Disord 2017; 5: 21. [ Link ]
22. Delaney B, Ford AC, Forman D, et al. Initial management strategies for dyspepsia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. p. CD001961.pub2. [ Link ]
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24. Wang WH, Huang JQ, Zheng GF, et al. Effects of Proton-Pump Inhibitors on Functional Dyspepsia: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2007; 5: 178–185. [ Link ]
25. Reimer C, Søndergaard B, Hilsted L, et al. Proton-Pump Inhibitor Therapy Induces Acid-Related Symptoms in Healthy Volunteers After Withdrawal of Therapy. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 80-87.e1. [ Link ]
26. Schwizer W, Menne D, Schütze K, et al. The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection and eradication in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: A parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study. UEG Journal 2013; 1: 226–235. [ Link ]
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Topic: Rumination syndrome

Authors: Alberto Ezquerra-Durán and Elizabeth Barba-Orozco

Affiliation: Alberto Ezquerra-Durán and Elizabeth Barba-Orozco are at the Neurogastroenterology and Motility Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Correspondence: barba@clinic.cat

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/2sAtXVbUIR2T

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

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5. Haworth JJ, Treadway S, Hobson AR. The prevalence of rumination syndrome and rumination disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2024; 36: 1-9. [ Link ]
6. Josefsson A, Hreinsson JP, Simrén M, et al. Global Prevalence and Impact of Rumination Syndrome. Gastroenterology 2022; 162: 731-742.e9. [ Link ]
7. Burri E, Cisternas D, Villoria A, et al. Accommodation of the abdomen to its content: integrated abdomino-thoracic response. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2012; 24: 312. [ Link ]
8. Barba E, Burri E, Accarino A, et al. Biofeedback-Guided Control of Abdominothoracic Muscular Activity Reduces Regurgitation Episodes in Patients With Rumination. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2015; 13: 100-106.e1. [ Link ]
9. O’Brien MD, Bruce BK, Camilleri M. The rumination syndrome: Clinical features rather than manometric diagnosis. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 1024-1029. [ Link ]
10. Chial HJ, Camilleri M, Williams DE, Litzinger K, Perrault J. Rumination Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 158-162. [ Link ]
11. Halland M, Pandolfino J, Barba E. Diagnosis and Treatment of Rumination Syndrome. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2018; 16: 1549-1555. [ Link ]
12. Treasure J, Duarte TA, Schmidt U. Eating disorders. The Lancet 2020; 395: 899-911. [ Link ]
13. Cai JX, Wong D, Lee DJH, Chan WW. Eating and Psychiatric Disorders Are Independent Risk Factors for Rumination Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 2022; 56: 228-233. [ Link ]
14. Zerbib F, Bredenoord AJ, Fass R, et al. ESNM/ANMS consensus paper: Diagnosis and management of refractory gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2021; 33: 1-25. [ Link ]
15. Yadlapati R, Tye M, Roman S, Kahrilas PJ, Ritter K, Pandolfino JE. Postprandial High-Resolution Impedance Manometry Identifies Mechanisms of Nonresponse to Proton Pump Inhibitors. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2018; 16: 211-218.e1. [ Link ]
16. Nakagawa K, Sawada A, Hoshikawa Y, et al. Persistent Postprandial Regurgitation vs Rumination in Patients With Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms: Identification of a Distinct Rumination Pattern Using Ambulatory Impedance-pH Monitoring. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2019; 114: 1248-1255. [ Link ]
17. Sawada A, Guzman M, Nikaki K, et al. Identification of Different Phenotypes of Esophageal Reflux Hypersensitivity and Implications for Treatment. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2021; 19: 690-698.e2. [ Link ]
18. Lacy BE, Parkman HP, Camilleri M. Chronic nausea and vomiting: evaluation and treatment. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2018; 113: 647-659. [ Link ]
19. Zand Irani M, Jones MP, Halland M, et al. Prevalence, symptoms and risk factor profile of rumination syndrome and functional dyspepsia: a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54: 1416-1431. [ Link ]
20. Kindt S, Tack J. Impaired gastric accommodation and its role in dyspepsia. Gut 2006; 55: 1685-1691. [ Link ]
21. Thumshirn M, Camilleri M, Hanson RB, Williams DE, Schei AJ, Kammer PP. Gastric mechanosensory and lower esophageal sphincter function in rumination syndrome. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 1998; 275: G314-G321. [ Link ]
22. Hoshikawa Y, Fitzke H, Sweis R, et al. Rumination syndrome: Assessment of vagal tone during and after meals and during diaphragmatic breathing. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2020; 32: 1-9. [ Link ]
23. Halland M, Talley NJ, Jones M, Murray JA, Cameron R, Walker MM. Duodenal Pathology in Patients with Rumination Syndrome: Duodenal Eosinophilia and Increased Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2019; 64: 832-837. [ Link ]
24. Zand Irani M, Eslick GD, Brown G, Talley NJ. Letter: eosinophilic duodenitis and increased intraepithelial lymphocytes in rumination syndrome – more evidence. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2023; 57: 1353-1354. [ Link ]
25. Friesen HJ, Rosen J, Low Kapalu C, et al. Mucosal eosinophils, mast cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes in youth with rumination syndrome. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2021; 33: 1-6. [ Link ]
26. Vijayvargiya P, Iturrino J, Camilleri M, et al. Novel association of rectal evacuation disorder and rumination syndrome: Diagnosis, comorbidities, and treatment. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2014; 2: 38-46. [ Link ]
27. Murray HB, Juarascio AS, Di Lorenzo C, Drossman DA, Thomas JJ. Diagnosis and Treatment of Rumination Syndrome: A Critical Review. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2019; 114: 562-578. [ Link ]
28. Tucker E, Knowles K, Wright J, Fox MR. Rumination variations: aetiology and classification of abnormal behavioural responses to digestive symptoms based on high-resolution manometry studies. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2013; 37: 263-274. [ Link ]
29. Kessing BF, Bredenoord AJ, Smout AJPM. Objective Manometric Criteria for the Rumination Syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2014; 109: 52-59. [ Link ]
30. Geysen H, Michielsen S, Rommel N, Vanuytsel T, Tack J, Pauwels A. The gastro-sphincteric pressure gradient: A new parameter to diagnose a rumination episode. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2021; 33: 1-7. [ Link ]
31. Barba E, Burri E, Accarino A, et al. Biofeedback-guided control of abdominothoracic muscular activity reduces regurgitation episodes in patients with rumination. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2015; 13: 100-106.e1. [ Link ]
32. Barba E, Accarino A, Soldevilla A, Malagelada JR, Azpiroz F. Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Biofeedback for the Treatment of Rumination. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2016; 111: 1007-1013. [ Link ]
33. Halland M, Parthasarathy G, Bharucha AE, Katzka DA. Diaphragmatic breathing for rumination syndrome: efficacy and mechanisms of action. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 2016; 28: 384-391. [ Link ]
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Topic: Gastroparesis

Authors: Asma Fikree

Affiliation: Asma Fikree is a consultant gastroenterologist at the Royal London Hospital in London, UK, and an honorary senior lecturer at Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, UK.

Correspondence: asma.fikree@nhs.net

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/kJ06tMLIQwMi

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Abell TL, Camilleri M, Donohoe K, et al. Consensus recommendations for gastric emptying scintigraphy: a joint report of the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Society of Nuclear Medicine. J Nucl Med Technol 2008; 36: 44–54. [ Link ]
2. Parkman HP, Yates K, Hasler WL, et al. Clinical features of idiopathic gastroparesis vary with sex, body mass, symptom onset, delay in gastric emptying, and gastroparesis severity. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 101–115. [ Link ]
3. Wuestenberghs F, Juge M, Melchior C, et al. Association between symptoms, quality of life, and gastric emptying in dyspeptic patients. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 25: 534–543. [ Link ]
4. Parkman HP, Wilson LA, Hasler WL, et al. Abdominal pain in patients with gastroparesis: associations with gastroparesis symptoms, etiology of gastroparesis, gastric emptying, somatization, and quality of life. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64: 2242–2255. [ Link ]
5. Olausson EA, Störsrud S, Grundin H, et al. A small particle size diet reduces upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetic gastroparesis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 375–385. [ Link ]
6. Paine P, McMahon M, Farrer K, et al. Jejunal feeding: when is it the right thing to do? Frontline Gastroenterol 2019; 11: 397–403. [ Link ]
7. Melchior C, Desprez C, Wuestenberghs F, et al. Impact of Opioid Consumption in Patients With Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11: 596467. [ Link ]
8. Calles-Escandón J, Koch KL, Hasler WL, et al. Glucose sensor-augmented continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in patients with diabetic gastroparesis: an open-label pilot prospective study. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0194759. [ Link ]

Topic: The management of diarrhoea

Authors: Julian R.F. Walters, Hans Törnblom and Magnus Simrén

Affiliation: Julian RF Walters is a Professor of Gastroenterology at Imperial College London and Consultant Gastroenterologist at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. Hans Törnblom is Associate Professor of Gastroenterology at the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Magnus Simrén is Professor of Gastroenterology at the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Correspondence: julian.walters@imperial.ac.uk ; hans.tornblom@gu.se

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/3alzxkVyRKpC ; https://gutflix.eu/r/L7LgEkEswSDs

Conflicts of Interest: JRFW has acted as a consultant, speaker or advisory board member for, or his institution has received research funding from, Dr Falk, Enyo, GEHealthcare, Intercept, Metacrine, Novartis, Pendopharm and Prometheus. HT has served as an advisory board member/consultant and/or speaker for Takeda, Tillotts, Biocodex, Dr Falk Pharma GmbH. MS has received unrestricted research grants from Glycom, and served as an advisory board member/consultant and/or speaker for Danone Nutricia Research, Ironwood, Menarini, Biocodex, Genetic Analysis AS, DSM, Tillotts, Takeda, Arena, Kyowa Kirin, Adnovate, Atnahs Pharma, Takeda, AlfaSigma, Sanofi, Janssen Immunology, Pfizer, Ferrer, and Falk Foundation.

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2. Arasaradnam RP et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhoea in adults. Gut 2018;67:1380-99. [ Link ]
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7. Stotzer PO et al. Definitions for chronic diarrhoea differ: A call for standardization. UEG Journal 2015;3:217-20. [ Link ]
8. Bannaga A et al. A UK survey of clinicians’ experience of bile acid diarrhoea: assessment and treatment. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2017;4:e000116. [ Link ]
9. Valentin N et al. Factors affecting success of empiric bile acid sequestrant therapy in patients with suspected bile acid malabsorption. Gut 2016;65:1951-8. [ Link ]
10. Guagnozzi D et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: diagnostic overlaps between microscopic colitis and functional bowel disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016;43:851-62. [ Link ]
11. Patel SG and Ahnen DJ. Colorectal Cancer in the Young. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2018;20:15. [ Link ]
12. Vijayvargiya P et al. Prospective assessment of the utility of serum C4 and FGF19 measurements to exclude the diagnosis of bile acid diarrhoea in IBS-diarrhoea and functional diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017;46:581-8. [ Link ]
13. Garsed K et al. A randomised trial of ondansetron for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea. Gut 2013;63:1617-25. [ Link ]
14. Marth T et al. Tropheryma whipplei infection and Whipple’s disease. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2016;16:e13-22. [ Link ]
15. Richard N et al. Rotating versus single antibiotic therapy in 154 patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. UEG Journal 2021;9:729-39. [ Link ]
16. Staudacher HM and Whelan K. The low FODMAP diet: recent advances in understanding its mechanisms and efficacy in IBS. Gut 2017;66:1517-27. [ Link ]
17. De Georgio R et al. Sensitivity to wheat, gluten and FODMAPs in IBS: facts or fiction? Gut 2016;65:169-78. [ Link ]
18. Watson L et al. Low-fat diet versus low-fat plus medium-chain triglyceride diet in patients with bile acid malabsorption. Clin Med (Lond) 2015;15:536-40. [ Link ]

Topic: Irritable bowel syndrome

Authors: Robin Spiller

Affiliation: Robin Spiller is at NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham in the Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Schoolof Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Correspondence: robin.spiller@nottingham.ac.uk

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/lpdpj6t56o8x

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Sperber AD, Bangdiwala SI, Drossman DA, et al. Worldwide Prevalence and Burden of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Results of Rome Foundation Global Study. Gastroenterology 2021;160:99-114. [ Link ]
2. Mearin F, Lacy BE, Chang L, et al. Bowel Disorders. Gastroenterology 2016;150:1393-1407. [ Link ]
3. Oka P, Parr H, Barberio B, et al. Global prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to Rome III or IV criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5:908-917. [ Link ]
4. van Lanen AS, de Bree A and Greyling A. Efficacy of a low-FODMAP diet in adult irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 2021;60:3505-3522. [ Link ]
5. Staudacher HM, Rossi M, Kaminski T, et al. Long-term personalized low FODMAP diet improves symptoms and maintains luminal Bifidobacteria abundance in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022;34:e14241. [ Link ]
6. Hill LS, Reid F, Morgan JF, et al. SCOFF, the development of an eating disorder screening questionnaire. Int J Eat Disord 2010;43:344-351. [ Link ]
7. Mari A, Hosadurg D, Martin L, et al. Adherence with a low-FODMAP diet in irritable bowel syndrome: are eating disorders the missing link? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;31:178-182. [ Link ]
8. Biesiekierski JR, Peters SL, Newnham ED, et al. No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates. Gastroenterology 2013;145:320-328. [ Link ]
9. Kennedy TM and Jones RH. Epidemiology of cholecystectomy and irritable bowel syndrome in a UK population. Br J Surg 2000;87:1658-1663. [ Link ]
10. Kirk G, Kennedy R, McKie L, et al. Preoperative symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome predict poor outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2011;25:3379-3384. [ Link ]
11. Longstreth GF and Yao JF. Irritable bowel syndrome and surgery: a multivariable analysis. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1665-1673. [ Link ]

Topic: Dietary management of irritable bowel syndrome

Authors: Zlatan Mujagic, Jenny Brouns, Daniel Keszthelyi and Jean W.M. Muris

Affiliation: Zlatan Mujagic is a gastroenterologist, and Daniel Keszthelyi is a gastroenterologist and Head of the Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology at Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands. In addition, they both work as clinical researchers at the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, and Translational Research in Metabolism at Maastricht University. Jenny Brouns is a dietitian in the Department of Dietetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Jean Muris is a general practitioner and Chair of the Department of Family Medicine at the Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.

Correspondence: z.mujagic@maastrichtuniversity.nl

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/QFSYpEgzGl1Z

Conflicts of Interest: ZM, JB and JWMM declare they have no conflicts of interest in relation to this article. DK has received research funding from Will Pharma, Allergan, Grunenthal, ZonMw, MLDS, UEG, ESCP and the Rome Foundation.

References:

1. Van den Houte K, et al. Prevalence and impact of self-reported irritable bowel symptoms in the general population. United European Gastroenterol J 2019;7:307-315. [ Link ]
2. Tornkvist NT, et al. Health care utilization of individuals with Rome IV irritable bowel syndrome in the general population. United European Gastroenterol J 2021;9:1178-1188. [ Link ]
3. Bohn L, et al. Self-reported food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS are common and associated with more severe symptoms and reduced quality of life. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:634-641. [ Link ]
4. Sayuk GS, Wolf R and Chang L. Comparison of symptoms, healthcare utilization, and treatment in diagnosed and undiagnosed individuals with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2017;112:892-899. [ Link ]
5. Bijkerk CJ, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome in primary care: the patients’ and doctors’ views on symptoms, etiology and management. Can J Gastroenterol 2003;17:363-368. [ Link ]
6. Lacy BE, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2021;116:17-44. [ Link ]
7. Vasant DH, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2021;70:1214-1240. [ Link ]
8. McKenzie YA, et al. British Dietetic Association systematic review and evidence-based practice guidelines for the dietary management of irritable bowel syndrome in adults (2016 update). J Hum Nutr Diet 2016;29:549-575. [ Link ]
9. Spiller R. Impact of diet on symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome. Nutrients 2021;13:575. [ Link ]
10. Moayyedi P, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome diagnosis and management: A simplified algorithm for clinical practice. United European Gastroenterol J 2017;5:773-788. [ Link ]
11. Tigchelaar EF, et al. Habitual diet and diet quality in irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017;29:e13151. [ Link ]
12. Zamani M, Alizadeh-Tabari S and Zamani V. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019;50:132-143. [ Link ]
13. Simons M, et al. Narrative review: Risk of eating disorders and nutritional deficiencies with dietary therapies for irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021;34:e14188. [ Link ]
14. Lea R and Whorwell PJ. The role of food intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2005;34:247-255. [ Link ]
15. Onyimba F, et al. Food allergies and intolerances: a clinical approach to the diagnosis and management of adverse reactions to food. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19:2230-2240. [ Link ]
16. Aguilera-Lizarraga J, et al. Local immune response to food antigens drives meal-induced abdominal pain. Nature 2021;590:151-156. [ Link ]
17. Barbara G, et al. Mast cell-dependent excitation of visceral-nociceptive sensory neurons in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007;132:26-37. [ Link ]
18. Fabisiak A, et al. Targeting histamine receptors in irritable bowel syndrome: a critical appraisal. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017;23:341-348. [ Link ]
19. Klooker TK, et al. The mast cell stabiliser ketotifen decreases visceral hypersensitivity and improves intestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2010;59:1213-1221. [ Link ]

Topic: Constipation

Authors: Claudia Barber and Jordi Serra

Affiliation: Claudia Barber is a pre-doc specialist in Gastroenterology at Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Valld’Hebron, 08035-Barcelona, Spain. Jordi Serra is the Head of the GI Motility Section of the University Hospital Vall d’Hebron in Barcelona, Spain.

Correspondence: jordiserra.motility@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/mOf6PZXuv9d6

Conflicts of Interest: CB declares no conflicts of interest. JS acted as consultant/speaker or received research support from Allergan, Bayer, Salvat, Norgine, Cassen-Recordati and Reckitt Benkiser

References:

1. Mearin et al. Clinical practice guidelines: irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and functional constipation in adults: Concept, diagnosis, and healthcare continuity. (Part 1 of 2). Aten Primaria 2017;49:42-55. [ Link ]
2. Serra J, Pohl D, Azpiroz F, et al. European society of neurogastroenterology and motility guidelines on functional constipation in adults. Neurogastroenterology and Motility 2020;32:e13762. [ Link ]
3. Lacy BE, Mearin F, Chang L, et al. Bowel Disorders. Gastroenterology 2016;150:1393-1407. [ Link ]
4. Bharucha et al. American gastroenterological association technical review on constipation. Gastroenterology 2013;144:218-238. [ Link ]
5. Rao SSC. Constipation: evaluation and treatment of colonic and anorectal motility disorders. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2007;36:687-711. [ Link ]
6. Mearin et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and functional constipation in the adult. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2016;108:332-363. [ Link ]
7. Lam et al. Clinical examination remains more important than anorectal function tests to identify treatable conditions in women with constipation. Int Urogynecol J 2013;24:67-72. [ Link ]
8. Talley NJ. How to do and interpret a rectal examination in gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:820-822. [ Link ]
9. Soh JS, Lee HJ, Jung KW, et al. The diagnostic value of a digital rectal examination compared with high-resolution anorectal manometry in patients with chronic constipation and fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol 2015;110:1197-1204. [ Link ]
10. Bove A. Consensus statement AIGO/SICCR: Diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation and obstructed defecation (part I: Diagnosis). World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:1555. [ Link ]

Topic: Faecal incontinence management

Authors: Sadé L. Assmann, Stephanie O. Breukink, Daniel Keszthelyi

Affiliation: Daniel Keszthelyi is a professor in gastroenterology and Head of the Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology at Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Stephanie Breukink is an associate professor and colorectal surgeon at Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 256229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands. Sadé Assmann is a PhD candidate at NUTRIM, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.

Correspondence: s.assmann@maastrichtuniversity.nl

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/ZvZkwHQYnWgU

Conflicts of Interest: LA declares no conflicts of interest in relation to this article. SOB has received research funding from Zonmw, ESCP and UEG. DK has received research funding from Will Pharma, Allergan, Grunenthal, ZonMw, MLDS, UEG, ESCP, Horizon 2020 and the Rome Foundation.

References:

1. Rao SS, Bharucha AE, Chiarioni G, et al. Anorectal disorders. Gastroenterology 2016;150:1430-42. [ Link ]
2. Olsson F and Berterö C. Living with faecal incontinence: trying to control the daily life that is out of control. J Clin Nurs 2015;24:141-50. [ Link ]
3. Bartlett L, Nowak M and Ho YH. Impact of fecal incontinence on quality of life. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:3276-82. [ Link ]
4. Deutekom M, Terra M, Dobben A, et al. Impact of faecal incontinence severity on health domains. Colorectal Dis 2005;7:263-9. [ Link ]
5. Wilson M. The impact of faecal incontinence on the quality of life. Br J Nurs 2007;16:204-7. [ Link ]
6. Assmann SL, Keszthelyi D, Kleijnen J, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of faecal incontinence — a UEG/ESCP/ESNM/ESPCG collaboration. United European Gastroenterol J 2022;10:251-86. [ Link ]
7. Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR, Locke GR, et al. Prevalence and burden of fecal incontinence: a population-based study in women. Gastroenterology 2005;129:42-9. [ Link ]
8. Madoff RD, Parker SC, Varma MG, et al. Faecal incontinence in adults. Lancet 2004;364:621-32. [ Link ]
9. Mowatt G, Glazener CM and Jarrett M. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;3:CD004464. [ Link ]
10. Brochard C, Chambaz M, Ropert A, et al. Quality of life in 1870 patients with constipation and/or fecal incontinence: constipation should not be underestimated. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2019;43:682-7. [ Link ]
11. Ng KS, Nassar N, Hamd K, et al. Prevalence of functional bowel disorders and faecal incontinence: an Australian primary care survey. Colorectal Dis 2015;17:150-9. [ Link ]
12. Cotterill N, Norton C, Avery KN, et al. A patient-centred approach to developing a comprehensive symptom and quality of life assessment of anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2008;51:82-7. [ Link ]
13. Maeda Y, Vaizey C, Hollington P, et al. Physiological, psychological and behavioural characteristics of men and women with faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis 2009;11:927-32. [ Link ]
14. Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR, Locke GR, et al. Risk factors for fecal incontinence: a population-based study in women. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1305-12. [ Link ]
15. Whitehead WE, Borrud L, Goode PS, et al. Fecal incontinence in US adults: epidemiology and risk factors. Gastroenterology 2009;137:512-7. [ Link ]
16. Rey E, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Onset and risk factors for fecal incontinence in a US community. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:412-9. [ Link ]

Topic: Paediatric foreign body ingestion

Authors: Raoul I. Furlano, Jorge Amil-Dias, Lissy de Ridder and Christos Tzivinikos

Affiliation: Raoul I Furlano is Head of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Switzerland. Jorge Amil-Dias is a Pediatric Gastroenterologist at Hospital Lusiadas, Porto; Retired from Centro Hospitalar Universitário.S. João, Porto, Portugal. Lissy de Ridder is at the Department ofPaediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus MC/Sophia Children’sHospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Christos Tzivinikos is Headof Paediatric Gastroenterology Department Al Jalila Children’s Specialty Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Correspondence: raoul.furlano@ukbb.ch

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/upfT9xh0FIzI

Conflicts of Interest: None

References:

1. Ikenberry SO, Jue TL, Anderson MA, et al. Management of ingested foreign bodies and food impactions. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2011;73:1085-1091. [ Link ]
2. Cheng W, Tam PKH. Foreign-body ingestion in children: Experience with 1,265 cases. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 1999;34:1472-1476. [ Link ]
3. Thomson M, Tringali A, Dumonceau J, et al. Paediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2016;64:133-153. [ Link ]
4. Ingraham CR, Mannelli L, Robinson JD, et al. Radiology of foreign bodies: how do we image them? Emergency Radiology 2015;22:425-430. [ Link ]
5. Lerner DG, Brumbaugh D, Lightdale JR, et al. Mitigating risks of swallowed button batteries. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2020;70:542-546. [ Link ]
6. Sethia R, Gibbs H, Jacobs IN, et al. Current management of button battery injuries. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology 2021;6:549-563. [ Link ]
7. Anfang RR, Jatana KR, Linn RL, et al. pH-neutralizing esophageal irrigations as a novel mitigation strategy for button battery injury. The Laryngoscope 2018;129:49-57. [ Link ]
8. Wright K, Parkins K, Jahn H, et al. Catastrophic haemorrhage from button battery ingestion in children: a growing problem. Acta Paediatrica 2017;106:1391-1393. [ Link ]
9. Mubarak A, Benninga MA, Broekaert I, et al. Diagnosis, management, and prevention of button battery ingestion in childhood. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2021;73:129-136. [ Link ]
10. Spiers A, Jamil S, Whan E, et al. Survival of patient after aorto-oesophageal fistula following button battery ingestion. ANZ Journal of Surgery 2012;82:186-187. [ Link ]
11. Leinwand K, Brumbaugh DE, Kramer RE. Button battery ingestion in children. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 2016;26:99-118. [ Link ]
12. Mubarak A, Benninga MA, Broekaert I, et al. Diagnosis, management, and prevention of button battery ingestion in childhood. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2021;73:129-136. [ Link ]
13. Bendig DW, Mackie GG. Management of Smooth-Blunt gastric foreign bodies in asymptomatic patients. Clinical Pediatrics 1990;29:642-645. [ Link ]
14. Hachimi-Idrissi S, Corne L, Vandenplas Y. Management of ingested foreign bodies in childhood: our experience and review of the literature. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 1998;5:319. [ Link ]
15. Piñero Madrona A, Hernández JAF, Prats MC, et al. Intestinal perforation by foreign bodies. Eur J Surg 2000;166:307-309. [ Link ]
16. Palta R, Sahota A, Bemarki A, et al. Foreign-body ingestion: characteristics and outcomes in a lower socioeconomic population with predominantly intentional ingestion. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2009;69:426-433. [ Link ]
17. Hameed K, Hassan MK, Rehman S, et al. Management of foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract with flexible endoscope. J Postgrad Med Inst 2011;25:29-34. [ Link ]
18. Tokar B, Cevik AA, Ilhan H. Ingested gastrointestinal foreign bodies: predisposing factors for complications in children having surgical or endoscopic removal. Pediatric Surgery International 2007;23:135-139. [ Link ]
19. Nugud AA, Tzivinikos C, Assa A, et al. Pediatric Magnet Ingestion, Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention: A European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Position Paper. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2023;76:523-532. [ Link ]
20. Kodituwakku R, Palmer S, Paul SP. Management of foreign body ingestions in children: button batteries and magnets. British Journal of Nursing 2017;26:456-461. [ Link ]
21. Kramer RE, Lerner DG, Lin T, et al. Management of ingested foreign bodies in children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2015;60:562-574. [ Link ]
22. Caré W, Dufayet L, Paret N, et al. Bowel obstruction following ingestion of superabsorbent polymers beads: literature review. Clinical Toxicology 2022;60:159-167. [ Link ]

Topic: Paediatric IBD

Authors: Neil Chanchlani and Richard K. Russell

Affiliation: Neil Chanchlani is at Royal Free London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. Richard K.Russell is at The Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

Correspondence: richardrussell@nhs.net

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/MscMs42VP3lZ

Conflicts of Interest: NC declares no conflicts of interest. RKR has received consultation fees, research grants, or honorarium, from Nestlé, AbbVie, Takeda, Napp, Mead Johnson, Nutricia and Janssen.

References:

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2. Pigneur B, Seksik P, Viola S, et al. Natural history of Crohn’s disease: Comparison between childhood- and adult-onset disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;16:953-961. [ Link ]
3. Atia O, Lujan R, Buchuk R, et al. Predictors of Complicated Disease Course in Adults and Children With Crohn’s Disease: A Nationwide Study from the epi-IIRN. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024;30:2370-2379. [ Link ]
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11. D’Arcangelo G, Distante M, Veraldi S, et al. Natural History of Anemia and Efficacy and Safety of Oral Iron Therapy in Children Newly Diagnosed With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023;76:771-775. [ Link ]
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13. Gordon H, Burisch J, Ellul P, et al. ECCO Guidelines on Extraintestinal Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2024;18:1-37. [ Link ]
14. Broekaert IJ, Assa A, Borrelli O, et al. Approach to anaemia in gastrointestinal disease: A position paper by the ESPGHAN Gastroenterology Committee. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2025;80:510-532. [ Link ]
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18. Swaminath A, Feathers A, Ananthakrishnan AN, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: enteral nutrition therapy for the induction of remission in paediatric Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017;46:645-656. [ Link ]
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21. Day AS, Whitten KE, Sidler M, et al. Systematic review: nutritional therapy in paediatric Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;27:293-307. [ Link ]
22. Van Rheenen PF, Aloi M, Assa A, et al. The Medical Management of Paediatric Crohn’s Disease: an ECCO-ESPGHAN Guideline Update. J Crohns Colitis 2021;15:171-194. [ Link ]
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24. Schulman JM, Pritzker L, Shaoul R. Maintenance of Remission with Partial Enteral Nutrition Therapy in Pediatric Crohn’s Disease: A Retrospective Study. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;2017:5873158. [ Link ]
25. Levine A, Wine E, Assa A, et al. Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet Plus Partial Enteral Nutrition Induces Sustained Remission in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology 2019;157:440-450. [ Link ]
26. Boneh RS, Navas-López VM, Hussey S, et al. Modified Crohn’s disease exclusion diet maintains remission in pediatric Crohn’s disease; randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.12.006. [ Link ]
27. Balestrieri P, Ribolsi M, Guarino MPL, et al. Nutritional Aspects in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Nutrients 2020;12:372. [ Link ]
28. Logan M, Gkikas K, Svolos V, et al. Analysis of 61 exclusive enteral nutrition formulas used in the management of active Crohn’s disease — new insights into dietary disease triggers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020;51:935-947. [ Link ]
29. Chanchlani N, Lin S, Bewshea C, et al. Mechanisms and management of loss of response to anti-TNF therapy for patients with Crohn’s disease: 3-year data from the prospective, multicentre PANTS cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024;9:521-538. [ Link ]
30. Murray A, Nguyen TM, Parker CE, et al. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;8:CD000544. [ Link ]
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33. Levine A, Yerushalmi B, Kori M, et al. Mesalamine Enemas for Induction of Remission in Oral Mesalamine-refractory Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Crohns Colitis 2017;11:970-974. [ Link ]
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Topic: Paediatric functional constipation diagnosis and treatment

Authors: Michelle N. Bloem, Ilan J.N. Koppen, Fleur de Lorijn, Max Nieuwdorp and Marc A. Benninga

Affiliation: Michelle N. Bloem, Ilan J.N. Koppen, Fleur de Lorijn, and Marc A.Benninga work at Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Max Nieuwdorp is at the Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC and the Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Michelle N. Bloem is also working at the Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute.

Correspondence: m.n.bloem@amsterdaumc.nl

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/djvxDALwivge

Conflicts of Interest: MAB is a consultant for Mallinckrodt, Shire, Danone, FrieslandCampina, HIPP, Norgine, Coloplast, United Pharmaceuticals, and Wellspect. All honoraria were paid to the hospital (Amsterdam UMC). IJNK received research funding from Wellspect Healthcare and The EuroQol Research Foundation. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Topic: Transitional care for children and young adults

Authors: Jorge Amil-Dias, Hans Törnblom, Moriam Mustapha and Patrizia Burra

Affiliation: Jorge Amil-Dias is a pediatrician and pediatric gastroenterologist and consultant at the Hospital Lusíadas, Porto, Portugal. Hans Törnblom is an associate professor of gastroenterology at the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Moriam Mustapha is a registered dietician at Evelina London, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, UK. Patrizia Burra is a professor of gastroenterology and Head of the Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padua University Hospital, Italy.

Correspondence: jorge.amil@outlook.pt

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/QHRmCXVg9kFU

Conflicts of Interest: JA-D Served as member of advisory board: Adacolumn, Danone. Receipt of payment/honorarium for lectures: Danone. Receipt of payment/honorarium for consultation: Bristol-Meyers Squibb. HT has served as an advisory board member/consultant and/or speaker for Biocodex, Cinclus Pharma, Dr Falk Pharma GmbH, Medifactia, Takeda, Tillotts, VIPUN Medical. PB has served as an advisory board member/consultant and/or speaker for Biotest; Kedrion; Astellas; Gilead; Sandoz; Chiesi Farmaceutici. MM has no conflict of interest.

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2. Davidson LF, Doyle MH. Health-care transition: a vital part of care, growth, and change for pediatric patients. Pediatrics in Review 2021;42:684-693. [ Link ]
3. Leung Y, Heyman MB, Mahadevan U. Transitioning the adolescent inflammatory bowel disease patient: Guidelines for the adult and pediatric gastroenterologist. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;17:2169-2173. [ Link ]
4. Ludvigsson JF, Agreus L, Ciacci C, et al. Transition from childhood to adulthood in coeliac disease: the Prague consensus report. Gut 2016;65:1242-1251. [ Link ]
5. Gray WN, Holbrook E, Dykes D, et al. Improving IBD transition, self-management, and disease outcomes with an in-clinic transition coordinator. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019;69:194-199. [ Link ]
6. Ferrarese A, Germani G, Lazzaro S, et al. Short-term outcomes of paediatric liver transplant recipients after transition to Adult Healthcare Service. Liver Int 2017;38:1316-1321. [ Link ]
7. Hames A, Matcham F, Joshi D, et al. Liver transplantation and adolescence: The role of mental health. Liver Transpl 2016;22:1544-1553. [ Link ]
8. Benchimol EI, Walters TD, Kaufman M, et al. Assessment of knowledge in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease using a novel transition tool. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;17:1131-1137. [ Link ]
9. Kinberg S, Verma T, Kaura D, et al. Optimizing transition from pediatric to adult care in short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2023;47:718-728. [ Link ]
10. Van Rheenen PF, Aloi M, Biron IA, et al. European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation Topical Review on Transitional Care in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2017;11:1032-1038. [ Link ]

Topic: Gastrostomy insertion in children and adolescents

Authors: Ilse Julia Broekaert, Jorge Amil Dias, Matjaž Homan and Christos Tzivinikos

Affiliation: Ilse Julia Broekaert Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. Jorge Amil Dias Paediatric Gastroenterology consultant at Hospital Lusíadas, Porto, Portugal. Matjaž Homan Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children’s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Christos Tzivinikos Paediatric Gastroenterology Consultant at Al Jalila Children’s Specialty Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates and Clinical Associate Professor at Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences.

Correspondence: ibroekaert@gmail.com

Link to online article: https://gutflix.eu/r/uDnojhKpYwYr

Conflicts of Interest: None

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