Introduction
Liver cirrhosis is characterized by microbial dysbiosis, intestinal inflammation and a weakened gut barrier and associated with an increased risk of complications. We previously observed a positive influence of L-ornithine-L-aspartate (LOLA) on gut microbiome composition in cirrhosis (1). The current study aimed to investigate the effect of LOLA on microbiome dysbiosis, quality of life, sarcopenia, intestinal permeability, inflammation and metabolite composition.
Aims & Methods
In this monocentric, open-label, phase 4 study, LOLA (18g/day) was administered orally for three months to liver cirrhosis patients with hepatic encephalopathy grades (0-2). We investigated changes in their gut microbiome composition (16s rRNA sequencing, alpha and beta diversity, differential abundance), quality of life (SF36), blood ammonia concentrations, measurements of sarcopenia and frailty (appendicular lean muscle mass, anthropometric measures, liver frailty index, SARC-F), biomarkers of gut permeability, inflammation and sarcopenia as well as metabolic alterations in stool, serum, and urine.
Results
65 patients were enrolled, and 52 patients completed the 3-month study (40.4% female, age 62 (58; 65)). While LOLA reduced the abundance of the genus Romboutsia, it did not significantly change overall microbiome diversity. LOLA led to a significant improvement in the vitality dimension of the SF36 questionnaire (45 (35; 60) to 50 (45; 60), p=0.019) and decreased plasma ammonia levels in patients with elevated baseline ammonia (69.5 (54; 225) to 46.0 (22; 66) µmol/L, p=0.004) Although muscle mass generally declined across the study, this was not observed in patients whose elevated ammonia levels improved. Sarcopenia and frailty scores and the muscle biomarkers myostatin, irisin, fibroblast growth factor 21, insulin-like growth factor 1 were unaffected by LOLA treatment. Diamine oxidase, a marker of gut barrier dysfunction, significantly decreased (from 12.75 U/mL (11.25; 17.45) to 11.15 U/mL (9.9; 15.65), p=0.016), while LPS binding protein, a marker of innate immune response to bacterial translocation, significantly increased (from 17.05 µg/mg (14.7; 19.8) to 17.39 µg/mg (16.2; 21.9), p=0.006). Calprotectin, zonulin and sCD14 did not show significant changes. Metabolomic analysis revealed an increase in serum alanine levels (pFDR=0.014) with additional subtle shifts in lipoprotein and amino acid profiles.
Conclusion
In summary, LOLA was associated with an improvement in vitality, an important patient-reported outcome accompanied by alterations in gut microbial composition and prevented muscle loss in patients with hyperammonaemia. Furthermore, LOLA was associated with improvements in gut permeability and endotoxin handling. The slight increase in alanine observed in the metabolomics analysis may be a consequence of LOLA metabolism. LOLA may be a valuable supportive treatment for enhancing quality of life in cirrhosis by targeting the gut liver axis and may be particularly beneficial in preventing muscle loss in patients with hyperammonaemia.
References
1. Horvath A, Traub J, Aliwa B, Bourgeois B, Madl T, Stadlbauer V. Oral Intake of L-Ornithine-L-Aspartate Is Associated with Distinct Microbiome and Metabolome Changes in Cirrhosis. Nutrients. 2022 Feb 10;14(4):748.