Introduction
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the most prevalent chronic bacterial infections worldwide [1]. Several endoscopic signs may predict H. pylori status [2]. However, literature lacks data regarding endoscopic differences based on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) assumption.
Aims & Methods
Aim of this study is to describe the endoscopic differences between PPI-user patients and no users.
This was a monocentric prospective study including all consecutive outpatients who underwent upper-GI endoscopy in one-year timeline. After enrollment, patients were divided in two groups: no-PPI users (group A) and on-PPI patients (group B). Each procedure was performed by trained endoscopists in order to describe regular arrangement collecting venules (RAC), fundic gland polyps (FGPs), linear streaks, hematin spots and diffuse redness. H. pylori infection was histologically investigated.
Results
A total of 680 patients were enrolled (F: 373, 54.9%), according to inclusion criteria, median age was 57.3 y.o. (IQR 45.4-68.5). Group A included 421 patients, group B 259 patients. Comparing the two groups, the prevalence of H. pylori was 80 (19%) in group A and 37 (14.3%) in group B (p=0.1). RAC on both the greater and lesser curvatures was more frequently observed in group A (287, 68.1% vs 148, 57.1%, p=0.004 and 275, 65.3% vs 134, 51.7%, p<0.001). The presence of FGPs is less frequent in group A than in group B (72, 17.1% vs 73, 28.1%, p<0.001). Hematin spots were more represented in group A (58, 13.7% vs 13, 5.1%, p<0.001). Diffuse redness was more frequent in group A than in group B (54, 12.8% vs 9, 3.5%, p<0.0001). No differences were found in linear streaks observation between the two groups (A: 58, 13.7% vs B: 47, 18.1%, p= 0.06). At multivariable analysis in group A, RAC on lesser curvature and FGPs was significantly associated with H. pylori-negative status (OR 0.05, 95% CI: 0.02–0.13, and OR 0.11, 95% CI: 0.03–0.53, respectively; p<0.001). Nonetheless, in group B, FGPs lost statistical significance (OR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.14–1.45, p=0.1), the presence of RAC on the greater curvature is inversely associated with H. pylori infection (OR 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01–0.23, p<0.001), while hematin spots and diffuse redness became significantly associated with H. pylori-positive status (OR 20.7, 95% CI: 3.07–139.65; and OR 13.8, 95% CI: 2.39–80.26, respectively; p<0.003).
Conclusion
The presence of RAC represents a feature significantly associated with H. pylori-negative status. However, FGPs may be considered a reliable marker of H. pylori-negative status only in the no-PPI users, whereas PPI use may increase the prevalence of FGPs, thereby making this feature less dependable. In the on-PPI population, the recognition of hematin spots and diffuse redness may be regarded as cornerstones in the endoscopic prediction of H. pylori-positive status.
References
- Chen YC, et al. Global Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Incidence of Gastric Cancer Between 1980 and 2022. Gastroenterology 2024
- Seo J, et al. Predicting Helicobacter pylori infection from endoscopic features. KJIM, 2024