Introduction

Microscopic colitis (MC) is an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease which typically presents with chronic watery diarrhea without blood. Despite a rising incidence over the last decades (1), studies on health economic outcomes are lacking.

Aims & Methods

In this cost-of-illness study, we estimate the societal economic burden of MC encompassing costs for healthcare, medications, and work loss, by the use of real-world data from Swedish health registers.
Through biopsy reports from Sweden’s 28 pathology departments, we identified 11,530 adult patients with MC as of January 1, 2017. Each patient was compared to up to 5 general-population comparators matched on date of birth, sex, and county of residence. Healthcare costs were based on prescription medications as well as non-primary outpatient visits and hospitalizations that included endoscopic procedures, while productivity losses were derived from work loss due to sick leave or disability leave. Mean differences were adjusted for age, sex, and education level. All costs were adjusted for inflation and converted from Swedish currency, SEK, to USD according to the annual average conversion rate in 2016 (1 USD = 8.5613 SEK or 0.9040 EUR).

Results

In 2016, patients with MC had a mean annual cost of $11,782 as compared with $6,170 in general-population comparators, corresponding to an annual excess cost of $5,615 per patient (adjusted mean difference $5,628 [95%CI: $5,278-$5,978], Table 1).
Even though less than half of the patients with MC were of working age (18-64 years, 42.5%), work loss was the largest cost component and accounted for more than half of the mean annual excess cost (57.7%). Excess costs related to hospitalizations accounted for 18.1%, whereas costs related to outpatient visits and medications accounted for 12.6% and 13.4% respectively. Although patients with MC had an increased use of MC-related medications such as local acting steroids (ATC code A07EA), these costs were comparatively small (mean annual cost, $106). Furthermore, MC-related healthcare costs such as colonoscopies, or outpatient visits and hospitalizations related to MC as defined by ICD code K.528, were negligible (mean annual cost, $68, $72 and $15 respectively).
The total annual societal cost of MC in Sweden was $135.9 million in 2016. By subtracting the baseline cost observed in general-population comparators, $64.7 million was found to be attributable to MC and MC-comorbidity.

Table 1. Use and cost of healthcare, prescription medications, and work loss in prevalent patients with microscopic colitis (MC) and general-population comparators in Sweden, 2016.

Conclusion

Patients with MC had an increased mean annual societal cost which was primarily driven by work loss. Healthcare costs specifically related to MC did not seem to be a major contributor to excess costs. Instead, excess healthcare costs in patients with MC are likely to be driven by concomitant disease. The societal economic burden of MC in Sweden was $135.9 million in 2016 with a population of 10.0 million and a prevalence of around 0.1%.

References

1. Bergman D, Clements MS, Khalili H, Agréus L, Hultcrantz R, Ludvigsson JF. A nationwide cohort study of the incidence of microscopic colitis in Sweden. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Jun;49(11):1395-1400.

Disclosure

Dr Ludvigsson coordinates a study on behalf of the Swedish IBD quality register (SWIBREG). That study has received funding from the Janssen corporation. Dr Ludvigsson has also received financial support from MSD to develop a paper reviewing national healthcare registers in China.

Introduction

Gender-specific differences in adult patients with immune mediated diseases like inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) or coeliac diseases are increasingly recognised (1). In paediatric patients, gender differences in the incidence of IBD have been identified in a pooled analysis of population-based studies (2). However, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms associated with paediatric IBD or coeliac disease and possible gender differences in GI symptoms have not been systematically studied.

Aims & Methods

Our aim was to utilise the newly developed, validated paediatric Structured Assessment of Gastrointestinal Symptoms (pSAGIS) scale to systematically assess GI symptoms in children with Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and coeliac disease by gender in an paediatric gastrointestinal outpatient clinic.
The pSAGIS is a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) that consists of 21 GI-related questions and assesses the type and five severity grades of symptoms.
pSAGIS scales were completed by patients or their caregivers attending the GI outpatient unit of St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Vienna, Austria between the years 2016 and 2020. The diagnoses of patients were established on clinical terms after a complete examination deemed clinically necessary. Based on pSAGIS, an overall GI-symptom score was calculated as the sum of each individual symptom score for patients with Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and coeliac disease, and symptom scores were compared between female and male patients. In addition, GI symptoms were summarised in five symptom groups (abdominal pain, dyspepsia, diarrhea, constipation, dysphagia/nausea). Data are given as mean ± standard deviation (SD), a p-value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

From 3344 collected pSAGIS questionnaires 12.9% (n=430) were completed by children diagnosed with Crohn’s disease (71.9% male, 28.1% female), 9.0% (n=302) with ulcerative colitis (57.0% male, 43.0% female), and 24.7% (n=827) with coeliac disease (36.4% male, 63.6% female). In patients with Crohn’s disease the overall GI-symptom score was significantly higher among female patients comparing to male patients (7.3±10,1 vs. 2. 8±4,2, p<0.001) while in patients with ulcerative colitis overall symptom scores were higher in male than in female patients (5.6±8.5 vs 2.9±5.9; p=0.002). The table shows scores of symptom groups in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The overall GI symptom score was low in patients with coeliac disease, and no significant differences were found between male and female coeliac patients (3.1±4.6 vs. 3.9±6.4, p=0,064).

Conclusion

Gender specific symptoms and symptom burden exist in paediatric patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. These gender differences may affect time to diagnosis, initiation of treatment and adherence to treatment and need further investigation. The pSAGIS is an easy adjunct to gastrointestinal history taking and allows a valid and systematic symptom assessment in a paediatric outpatient clinic.

References

(1) Greuter T et al, Digestion 2020; (2) Shah SC et al, Gastroenterology 2018

Introduction

Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, T-helper type 2 immune-mediated oesophageal disease, characterized by symptoms of oesophageal dysfunction and eosinophil-predominant inflammation. In adults, the main clinical presentation associated with EoE is dysphagia and/or food impaction (FI); gastroesophageal reflux-like (GER-like) symptoms are less common but may also be the presenting symptoms.

Aims & Methods

We aimed to assess and compare the clinical, endoscopic, and histological characteristics of adult EoE patients presenting with FI or with no FI (NFI).
A single-center cross-sectional study was conducted on consecutive adult EoE patients (April 2023-April 2024). Based on presenting symptoms, patients were grouped into: I) FI patients, diagnosed following an emergency endoscopy, and II) NFI patients, diagnosed due to the presence of dysphagia or GER-like symptoms (i.e. heartburn, regurgitation, retrosternal-pain) in an outpatient setting. Symptoms were evaluated according to a structured questionnaire. All patients underwent gastroscopy with at least 6 biopsies from distal and medium/proximal oesophageal third. EoE was diagnosed if eosinophils were ≥ 15/high power field, in any biopsy specimen.
The main features were compared between FI and NFI patients by Chi-square and/or Student’s t test for dicotomic or continuous variables.

Results

Thirty-one EoE patients were included [males 74.2%, median-age 34 (19-57) years, BMI ≥ 25 Kg/ m² 61.3%]. FI patients (13; 41.9%) [males 76.9%, median-age 39 (20-57) years] and NFI patients (18; 58.1%) [males 72.2%, median-age 33 (19-57) years] did not differ in terms of age, gender, and BMI (p=0.33, p=1.00, p=0.71, respectively). Moreover, no differences were observed in the occurrence of atopy and the use of proton pump inhibitors (before EoE diagnosis) between FI and NFI groups [30.1% vs 50% (p=0.46) and 46.1% vs 66.6% (p=0.29), respectively].
Before EoE diagnosis, dysphagia and heartburn were less frequently reported in FI patients compared to NFI patients [38.5% vs 83.3% (p=0.02) and 23.1% vs 72.2% (p=0.01)]. Furthermore, 84.6% of FI, compared to 5.5% of NFI patients, showed a diagnostic delay of more than 5 years (p<0.005). The mean EREFS score was significantly higher in FI patients than in NFI patients [5.3 ± 1.8 vs 3.3 ± 2.1 (p=0.005)]. According to the EREFS score, inflammatory (based on Edema, Exudates, and Furrows scores) and fibrostenotic (based on the Rings and Strictures scores) phenotypes were both higher in FI patients than in NFI patients [3.2 ± 1.3 vs 2.1 ± 1.7 (p=0.03) and 2.2 ± 0.8 vs 1.3 ± 0.8 (p=0.005), respectively].

Conclusion

EoE patients presenting with food impaction seem to be paucisymptomatic before the EoE diagnosis compared to those without food impaction. This may explain the delay of EoE diagnosis often requiring emergency gastroscopy.

Introduction

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of gut brain interaction (DGBI) characterized by abdominal pain associated with altered bowel habits – symptoms are often related to food intake. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) has shown acute food-triggered disruption of the epithelial barrier in the duodenum of IBS patients. While this technique promises new insights into the pathophysiology of IBS, image interpretation is subjective and interobserver agreement rates have not been assessed.

Aims & Methods

Aim: To assess the agreement rate between assessors regarding acute food induced mucosal changes visualized by CLE.
Methods: In Rome IV IBS (non-constipated) patients, allergic sensitization to nutrients was excluded by specific serum Immunoglobulin E tests. CLE was performed during upper GI endoscopy: duodenal mucosa was visualized before and after sequential application of 10mL dissolved aliquots of lyophilized fish, nuts, egg white, soy, milk and wheat. Two investigators (experience of ≥20 exams each) assessed separately recorded sequences for the presence or absence of acute mucosal alterations defined as fluorescence leakage and cell shedding visualized on ≥3 different mucosal spots. Assessors were blinded for patient characteristics, and for the timepoint of recordings (i.e. baseline or after food administration). Agreement rates are reported in percent and using Cohen’s Kappa computed with Rstudio.

Results

A total of 75 video sequences from 22 procedures in 13 patients were interpreted. Regarding presence or absence of mucosal alterations, assessors agreed in 81% (61/75) of assessed sequences resulting in a Cohen’s Kappa of 0.63.
Overall, 52% (32/61) of sequences with agreement were judged by both assessors to present leakiness and cell shedding whereas 48% (29/61) were considered normal.

Conclusion

When assessed in a blinded manner, mucosal leakiness is visualized on CLE recordings with a high agreement rate between assessors and substantial agreement when accounting for random chance agreement. Further increasing agreement rates by possibly modifying criteria might increase the validity of this technique.