Introduction

Microscopic colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition defined by a clinical triad: chronic diarrhea, endoscopy without significant abnormalities, and distinct histopathological features characterized by a largely normal appearance of the mucosa but increased numbers of lymphocytes in the epithelium and lamina propria on microscopy.

Aims & Methods

This study aims to explore the relationship between clinical presentation and histopathological features in microscopic colitis, with a focus on identifying prognostic factors linked to therapeutic response and symptom resolution.
This is a retrospective, descriptive study conducted over a 10-year period (September 2015 to May 2025), involving 54 patients diagnosed with microscopic colitis based on histological examination of colonic biopsies. Among them, 19 cases were identified as collagenous colitis and 35 as lymphocytic colitis. Data collected included epidemiological, clinical, endoscopic, histopathological, therapeutic, and follow-up information.
The histological parameters assessed were: characteristics of the lamina propria, intraepithelial lymphocytosis, presence and thickness of the subepithelial collagen band, and surface epithelial damage.

Results

A total of 54 cases of microscopic colitis were included in the study, among which 51 patients (94.4%) presented with chronic diarrhea, with a median of 7 diarrheic stools [IQR: 4.5–10.5]. One patient with lymphocytic colitis had concomitant celiac disease. Concerning medication use, 2 patients (3.7%) were taking proton pump inhibitors, and 3 (5.6%) were on venotonic agents.
Our analysis revealed several statistically significant correlations:

• A very strong positive correlation between the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and the frequency of diarrheal stools (r = 0.873; p < 0.001).

• A strong positive correlation between the number of diarrheal stools and the rate of clinical improvement (r = 0.633; p < 0.001).

• A strong association between subepithelial collagen band thickness and clinical improvement (r = 0.509; p < 0.001).

In addition, patients with an IEL count <30% experienced a significantly faster clinical response compared to those with ≥30%, with a median time to symptom resolution of 2 weeks versus 4 weeks, respectively (p < 0.001). Similarly, patients with subepithelial collagen band thickness <20 µm showed more rapid improvement than those with ≥20 µm (median time to improvement: 2 weeks vs. 6 weeks; p < 0.002).
Regarding treatment, 49 patients (90.7%) received budesonide, while 5 (9.3%) were managed with loperamide. A follow-up histological assessment performed 12 months after treatment initiation showed complete normalization of the colonic mucosa in all patients.

Conclusion

Microscopic colitis is a common cause of chronic diarrhea and represents a treatable condition. Accurate diagnosis relies on the recognition of characteristic histopathological features, highlighting the importance of a thorough histological assessment. The integration of clinical context with microscopic findings enables the pathologist to establish a confident diagnosis in most cases and to provide the gastroenterologist with precise and clinically relevant information.