Mistakes in acute jaundice and how to avoid them

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Mistakes in acute jaundice and how to avoid them

Spyridon Siakavellas, Georgios Papatheodoridis

Summary

AI Generated

Jaundice arises from abnormalities in bilirubin formation, metabolism, or excretion, or from biliary tree obstruction at any anatomical level, and numerous conditions can cause it.

Jaundice can result from abnormalities in bilirubin formation, metabolism, and excretion processes
Obstruction of the biliary tree from intrahepatic origins to the ampulla of Vater can cause jaundice even when bilirubin processing is functioning properly
The material presents the view that a careful diagnostic approach is warranted to identify the underlying cause
The material states that prompt intervention saves lives in many cases, contrasting with conventional wisdom that jaundice by itself never killed anyone

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References

Mistakes

References

Mistake 1 Mistake 2 Mistake 3 Mistake 4 Mistake 5 Mistake 6 Mistake 7 Mistake 8 Mistake 9 Mistake 10

Fevery J. Bilirubin in clinical practice: a review. Liver Int 2008; 28: 592–605. [Link]

Silverberg NB and Lee-Wong M. Generalized yellow discoloration of the skin. The diagnosis: carotenemia. Cutis 2014; 93: E11–E12. [Link]

Erlinger S, Arias IM and Dhumeaux D. Inherited disorders of bilirubin transport and conjugation: new insights into molecular mechanisms and consequences. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 1625–1638. [Link]

Marchand A, Galen RS and Van Lente F. The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease. JAMA 1980; 243: 1909–1911. [Link]

Vitek L, et al. Gilbert syndrome and ischemic heart disease: a protective effect of elevated bilirubin levels. Atherosclerosis 2002; 160: 449–456. [Link]

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure. J Hepatol 2017; 66: 1047–1081. [Link]

Taylor T and Wheatley M. Jaundice in the emergency department: meeting the challenges of diagnosis and treatment. Emerg Med Pract 2018; 20: 1–24. [Link]

Vuppalanchi R, Liangpunsakul S and Chalasani N. Etiology of new-onset jaundice: how often is it caused by idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury in the United States? Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 558–562. [Link]

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 2015; 63: 971–1004. [Link]

10.

Chand N and Sanyal AJ. Sepsis-induced cholestasis. Hepatology 2007; 45: 230–241. [Link]

11.

Giallourakis CC, Rosenberg PM and Friedman LS. The liver in heart failure. Clinics Liv Dis 2002; 6: 947–967. [Link]

12.

van Lingen R, et al. Jaundice as a presentation of heart failure. J R Soc Med 2005; 98: 357–359. [Link]

13.

Okwara CJ, et al. Jaundice: A thyroid problem? Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62: 1901–1905. [Link]

14.

Saik RP, et al. Spectrum of cholangitis. Am J Surg 1975; 130: 143–150. [Link]

15.

Miura F, et al. TG13 flowchart for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2013; 20: 47–54. [Link]

16.

Thursz MR, et al. Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis. New Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1619–1628. [Link]

17.

Crabb DW, et al. Standard definitions and common data elements for clinical trials in patients with alcoholic hepatitis: Recommendation From the NIAAA Alcoholic Hepatitis Consortia. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 785–790. [Link]

18.

Moreau R, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1426–1437, e1–9. [Link]

19.

Desmet VJ, et al. Classification of chronic hepatitis: diagnosis, grading and staging. Hepatology 1994; 19: 1513–1520. [Link]

20.

Kamath PS, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 2001; 33: 464–470. [Link]

Abstract

Jaundice can be caused by abnormalities in any of the steps comprising the formation, metabolism and excretion of bilirubin. In addition, these processes may be functioning properly, but jaundice can be seen because of an obstruction of the biliary tree at any point, from its intrahepatic origins to its end at the ampulla of Vater. For this reason, it is clear that numerous conditions can result in jaundice. When faced with a patient presenting with jaundice a reasonable and careful diagnostic approach is, therefore, warranted to elucidate the underlying cause of this sign. Conventional wisdom may be that “jaundice by itself never killed anyone,” but it is imperative to find the cause as soon as possible, as prompt intervention saves lives in many cases.

Topics

Hepatobiliary

Citation

Siakavellas S and Papatheodoridis G. Mistakes in acute jaundice and how to avoid them. UEG Education 2018; 18: 24–26.

Published

2025

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Mistakes in abdominal distension and how to avoid them

Elizabeth Barba Orozco, Alberto Ezquerra-Durán

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References

Mistakes

References

Mistake 1 Mistake 2 Mistake 3 Mistake 4 Mistake 5 Mistake 6 Mistake 7 Mistake 8 Mistake 9 Mistake 10

Fevery J. Bilirubin in clinical practice: a review. Liver Int 2008; 28: 592–605. [Link]

Silverberg NB and Lee-Wong M. Generalized yellow discoloration of the skin. The diagnosis: carotenemia. Cutis 2014; 93: E11–E12. [Link]

Marchand A, Galen RS and Van Lente F. The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease. JAMA 1980; 243: 1909–1911. [Link]

Vitek L, et al. Gilbert syndrome and ischemic heart disease: a protective effect of elevated bilirubin levels. Atherosclerosis 2002; 160: 449–456. [Link]

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines on the management of acute (fulminant) liver failure. J Hepatol 2017; 66: 1047–1081. [Link]

Taylor T and Wheatley M. Jaundice in the emergency department: meeting the challenges of diagnosis and treatment. Emerg Med Pract 2018; 20: 1–24. [Link]

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 2015; 63: 971–1004. [Link]

10.

Chand N and Sanyal AJ. Sepsis-induced cholestasis. Hepatology 2007; 45: 230–241. [Link]

11.

Giallourakis CC, Rosenberg PM and Friedman LS. The liver in heart failure. Clinics Liv Dis 2002; 6: 947–967. [Link]

12.

van Lingen R, et al. Jaundice as a presentation of heart failure. J R Soc Med 2005; 98: 357–359. [Link]

13.

Okwara CJ, et al. Jaundice: A thyroid problem? Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62: 1901–1905. [Link]

14.

Saik RP, et al. Spectrum of cholangitis. Am J Surg 1975; 130: 143–150. [Link]

15.

Miura F, et al. TG13 flowchart for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2013; 20: 47–54. [Link]

16.

Thursz MR, et al. Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis. New Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1619–1628. [Link]

17.

18.

Moreau R, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1426–1437, e1–9. [Link]

19.

Desmet VJ, et al. Classification of chronic hepatitis: diagnosis, grading and staging. Hepatology 1994; 19: 1513–1520. [Link]

20.

Kamath PS, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 2001; 33: 464–470. [Link]

Abstract

Abdominal distension and bloating are among the most frequently misunderstood complaints in gastroenterology. They are often used as interchangeable terms, a conceptual mistake that continues to drive diagnostic errors and ineffective treatment. According to Rome IV, bloating and distension may represent either a primary disorder of gut–brain interaction (DGBI) or occur as symptoms with other DGBIs, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia (FD) or functional constipation (FC).

Topics

Neurogastroenterology & Motility

Citation

Barba E and Ezquerra-Durán A. Mistakes in abdominal distension and bloating and how to avoid them. UEG Education 2026; 26: 5-9.

Published

2026

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