Introduction

Few studies have examined esophageal motility disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes operated with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or gastric bypass (RYGB).

Aims & Methods

We have recently reported overall prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in this group of patients (1) and now aimed to investigate potential differences between the two surgical methods regarding the prevalence of dysmotility 5 years after surgery. Furthermore, we also aimed to analyse and report on the available GERD-data in detail.
In the Oseberg study (January 2013 – December 2022), 125 patients with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m² and type 2 diabetes were screened, sixteen patients were excluded or withdrew consent, leaving 109 patients allocated to SG (n=55) or RYGB (n=54). To assess reflux symptoms, GerdQ (Gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire) was completed. Gastroscopy and 24-hour pH monitoring were used to examine GERD. High-resolution manometry with the Chicago classification v3.0 was used to assess esophageal motility.

Results

At inclusion the average age was 47.7 years (SD 9.6), BMI was 42.3 kg/m2 (5.3), and 66% were women. At the 5-year follow-up, 29 (53%) patients in SG-group and 32 (59%) in RYGB-group underwent gastroscopy, 22 (40%) vs. 25 (46%) underwent 24-hour pH monitoring, 23 (42%) vs. 26 (48%) underwent manometry, and 42 (76%) vs. 42 (78%) completed GerdQ. The proportion of patients with GERD symptoms (GerdQ ≥8) was low in both groups, with a slightly lower prevalence after RYGB (2%) than after SG (14%). There was no difference in the prevalence of erosive esophagitis between the groups (38% in SG and 41% in RYGB), all findings with less advanced esophagitis (Los Angeles grades A and B), but one patient in each group had new onset Barrett's esophagus. The proportion of patients with pH<4 for more than 6% of the recording (Acid exposure time, AET) was significantly higher after SG compared with RYGB (59% versus 8%, p < 0.0001). Esophageal dysmotility was diagnosed in 14 (61%) after SG compared with 19 (73%) patients after RYGB. Most of these patients (n=22) had hypertensive or hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter (LES), with no difference between groups. The remaining 11 patients had ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) or elevated distal contractile integral (DCI). None of the patients with dysmotility reported swallowing difficulties or chest pain with food intake.

Conclusion

The Oseberg study demonstrates a high prevalence of asymptomatic esophageal dysmotility after SG or RYGB with uncertain clinical relevance. Furthermore, a seven times higher prevalence of pathological acid reflux after SG compared with RYGB was demonstrated, but the prevalences of erosive esophagitis and esophageal dysmotility were approximately similar between groups. Few of the examined patients reported GERD symptoms, hence objective assessment of GERD should be included in long-term follow-up after SG to detect and prevent the development of Barrett's esophagus, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma.

References

1. Hauge JW et al., Effect of gastric bypass versus sleeve gastrectomy on the remission of type 2 diabetes, weight loss, and cardiovascular risk factors at 5 years (Oseberg): secondary outcomes of a single-centre, triple-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025 Apr 1:S2213-8587(24)00396-6

Introduction

Epithelial barrier dysfunction is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), contributing to increased permeability, microbial translocation, and sustained mucosal inflammation^1,2. Targeting barrier restoration has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy³. Gallic acid, a dietary polyphenol with known anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, has shown potential in modulating mucosal responses⁴. To investigate its impact on epithelial integrity under inflammatory stress, we utilized intestinal organoids as a physiologically relevant ex vivo model system.

Aims & Methods

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of gallic acid to restore intestinal epithelial barrier function under inflammatory conditions, using colonic epithelial organoids and integrating transcriptomic and permeability analyses.
The study was approved by the Kaunas Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (protocol no. BE-2-31). Inflamed differentiated colonic epithelial organoids were established from a patient with ulcerative colitis (UC) and non-IBD control individual by exogenous stimulation with TNF-α and IFN-γ (10 ng/mL each) for 24 hours. For gallic acid (GA) screening, organoids were pre-treated with metabolite (100 μM) for 1 hour prior to inflammation induction and co-treated during the induction period. Subsequently, organoids were either processed for mRNA sequencing (1×75 bp, NextSeq 550, Illumina) or subjected to a FITC-Dextran (4kDa) assay. RNA-seq data was processed, analyzed, and visualized using nf-core/RNAseq pipeline and RStudio. Images for permeability assay analysis were acquired using an inverted fluorescence microscope (Zeiss Axio Observer 7), processed with ImageJ, and analyzed and visualized in RStudio.

Results

Principal component analysis of transcriptomic profiles from both UC and non-IBD organoids revealed clear sample clustering driven by stimulation. Differential gene expression and Gene set enrichment (GSEA) analyses indicated a more pronounced cell response to both treatments in UC organoids compared to non-IBD organoids. Inflammation activated immune (CXCL9/10/11, CX3CL1), interferon (IFI44, SOCS1, NOS2), and defense genes (GBP4, GBP5, OAS2), while downregulating metabolic genes (FABP6, CFTR, HMGCS2) in both groups. Gene Ontology-based GSEA confirmed immune pathway enrichment and lipid metabolism suppression in inflamed cultures. In total, 3,148 and 1,479 DEGs were identified in inflamed UC and non-IBD organoids, respectively. GA treatment modulated 2,144 and 384 genes (e.g., LYPD8, MKI67, MT-ATP6, CXCL14, CCL22) in these groups, suggesting potential to rebalance inflammation and metabolism. GA co-treatment enhanced epithelial integrity in UC organoids via upregulation of cell junction, peptide hormone processing, and immune-related pathways. In non-IBD organoids, GA promoted cell adhesion pathways, supporting epithelial cohesion. Functional permeability analysis confirmed GA’s protective role, as supported by transcriptomic data. Mean percentages of FITC-Dextran-permeable organoids were 16.02% (untreated), 86.08% (inflamed), and 42.58% (inflamed + GA). A trend toward statistical significance (Wilcoxon p = 0.125) was observed in both untreated vs. inflamed and inflamed vs. inflamed + GA comparisons.

Conclusion

In conclusion, gallic acid modulates inflammatory and metabolic pathways during colonic inflammation and enhances epithelial barrier integrity.
Study was funded by the European Union and the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) (project: miGut-Health, grant no. 101095470).

References

¹Jostins, L., et al. (2012). Host–microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature, 491(7422), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11582
²Cleynen, I., et al. (2016). Inherited determinants of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis phenotypes: A genetic association study. The Lancet, 387(10014), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00465-1
³Vieujean, S., et al. (2025). Understanding the therapeutic toolkit for inflammatory bowel disease. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. Online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-024-01035-7
⁴Tian, B., Ye, P., Zhou, X., Hu, J., Wang, P., Cai, M., Yang, K., Sun, P., & Zou, X. (2025). Gallic acid ameliorated chronic DSS-induced colitis through gut microbiota modulation, intestinal barrier improvement, and inflammation. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. Online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.70024

Introduction

The interplay of diet and the intestinal microbiome plays a key role in developing colorectal cancer (CRC), with westernization of diets, e.g., an increase in fat and sugar and a decrease in fiber content, being the main contributor. We recently demonstrated that the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (ER-UPR) effector activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) is associated with early and late onset of CRC in patients. Furthermore, the overexpression of ATF6 observed in a subset of CRC patients is associated with the presence of certain gut bacteria. The specific expression of activated ATF6 (nATF6) in mouse intestinal epithelial cells (nATF6^IEC) induces spontaneous development of colonic tumors in a microbiota-dependent manner, highlighting the functional relevance of ATF6 as a novel oncogenic driver.

Aims & Methods

To elucidate the adverse role of dietary fat, sugar, and fiber in tumorigenesis, we exposed nATF6^IEC mice under SPF conditions to control (chow) and westernized diets for 7 weeks after weaning. Microbial and metabolite profiles were assessed through deep metagenomic sequencing and targeted/untargeted mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Microbiota transfer of diet-exposed mice into germ-free recipients was conducted to verify the microbiota-dependent transmissibility of tumor formation. Bismuth(II)subsalicylate (BSS) was used as a dietary additive to validate the impact of bacteria-produced H₂S on tumorigenesis.

Results

Westernized high lard (HL) diet, enriched in fat and sugar and depleted in fermentable fiber, increased tumor burden in biallelic nATF6^IEC mice. Unexpectedly, HL induced de novo tumorigenesis in otherwise tumor-free monoallelic nATF6^IEC mice. Surprisingly, modifying the HL diet by supplementing dietary fiber or lowering fat content failed to protect the HL-induced tumorigenic phenotype. Metabolite profiling clearly differentiated westernized from control diets and tumor bearing from control mice. Transferring microbiota from diet-exposed mice into germ-free nATF6^IEC mice was sufficient to trigger tumorigenesis. Metagenomic profiles of westernized diet-exposed mice identified an increased relative abundance of H₂S-producing Desulfovibrio species and genes related to dissimilatory sulfate reduction. Supplementing westernized diets with the H₂S-scavenger BSS resulted in a drastic change in microbial communities as well as the prevention of tumor formation in monoallelic nATF6^IEC mice.

Conclusion

These results highlight the ability of westernized diets to enhance nATF6-related tumorigenesis while altering metabolite and microbial profiles. Westernized diets favor the growth of sulfate-reducing Desulfovibrionaceae, possibly resulting in increased H₂S production. H₂S scavenging significantly reduces diet-induced colonic tumor susceptibility, clearly demonstrating the impact of diet in shaping cancer-related microbiome alterations.

Introduction

​​​​​Pancreatic cancer (PC) has one of the poorest prognoses among malignancies. Early detection, particularly of stage 0 or stage 1 disease, is crucial to improving survival outcomes. However, conventional screening strategies based solely on family history or symptoms—as commonly practiced in Western countries—have shown limited sensitivity for early-stage PC. In Japan, more comprehensive approaches are being developed.

Aims & Methods

Low-grade relevant (LGR) factor	High-grade relevant (HGR) factor
・sporadic family history ・diabetes mellitus ・diabetes mellitus worsening ・stomach/back symptoms ・weight loss ・elevated serum pancreatic enzyme ・heavy alcohol consumption ・smoking history ・obesity	・familial PC ・hereditary PC syndrome/pancreatitis ・new-onset diabetes mellitus ・jaundice ・elevated serum tumor biomarkers ・chronic pancreatitis ・pancreatic cyst ・main pancreatic duct dilation
Score positive; 3 points or more	Score positive; 1 point or more

This nationwide, multicenter prospective study aimed to evaluate the utility of a novel scoring system for early PC detection among hospital outpatients. From August 2019 to May 2024, all outpatients presenting with symptoms, risk factors, subtle imaging abnormalities of the pancreas, or requesting pancreatobiliary screening at the Department of Gastroenterology in hospitals participating in the Early Pancreatic Cancer Screening Study (EPSS) were considered for inclusion. Consecutive patients who had no pancreatic tumors suspected by any imaging modalities were examined, no prior history of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) examination for pancreatic disease, and/or no referrals from other hospitals specifically for PC diagnosis were prospectively enrolled. The system comprised low- and high-grade relevant (LGR/HGR) factors referring to both risk factors and diagnostic indicators, including symptoms and subtle imaging abnormalities associated with PC. Patients were classified as score-positive if they had ≥3 LGR or ≥1 HGR factor(s). Diagnostic yield for stage 0/1 and all-stage PC was compared between score-positive and score-negative groups. Diagnostic performance was also evaluated against previous large-scale Japanese data and Western screening methods based on family/genetic risk or symptoms. The sample size was determined based on a previous large-scale PC screening study in Japan.

Results

Of 3,287 patients, 2,531 were score-positive and 756 were score-negative. PC was diagnosed in 283 patients (8.6%), including 67 with stage 0/1 disease. The detection rate of stage 0/1 PC was significantly higher in score-positive than in score-negative patients (2.6% vs. 0.7%, P=.001). Compared to a previous Japanese study (0.78%), this study showed a significantly higher detection rate (P<.001). The sensitivity of the scoring system for stage 0/1 PC was 93.1%, significantly outperforming Western-style approaches (12.5% for family/genetic risk and 50.0% for symptom-based screening; both P<.001), while maintaining comparable accuracy. Even combining family/genetic risk and symptoms, sensitivity remained lower than that of the scoring system (56.9%, P<.001). For all-stage PC, both the accuracy and sensitivity of the diagnosis based on the scoring system were significantly higher than those based on family/genetic risk, symptom, or the combination of symptom and family/genetic risk (P = .030, .004, .002 for accuracy; and all P <.001 for sensitivity, respectively). Among the 283 PC cases, 23.7% were stage 0/1, 15.9% were ≤10 mm, and 45.6% underwent surgical resection. Multivariate logistic analysis identified older age, worsening diabetes, and MPD dilation as significant independent predictors of stage 0/1 PC.

Conclusion

The scoring system demonstrated superior sensitivity and comparable accuracy to traditional screening strategies for detecting early-stage PC. Its use in outpatient settings may facilitate earlier diagnosis and intervention, thereby improving resectability and prognosis.

References

Klein AP. Pancreatic cancer epidemiology: understanding the role of lifestyle and inherited risk factors. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;18:493-502.
Hanada K, Okazaki A, Hirano N, et al. Diagnostic strategies for early pancreatic cancer. J Gastroenterol 2015;50:147-54.
Sagami R, Hayasaka K, Ujihara T, et al. Role of EUS combined with a newly modified scoring system to detect pancreatic high-grade precancerous lesions. Endosc Ultrasound 2022.