Introduction

Acute pancreatitis (AP) during pregnancy is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition for both mother and fetus. The most common cause is gallstone disease, followed by hypertriglyceridemia and, less frequently, alcohol use. The physiological changes of pregnancy can mask the clinical presentation, delaying diagnosis and intervention. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the diagnosis, management, and maternal-fetal outcomes of AP in pregnancy, with special attention to the role and timing of cholecystectomy during an acute episode.

Aims & Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Inclusion criteria involved clinical trials, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and relevant guidelines discussing AP in pregnancy and cholecystectomy

Results

​The majority of AP cases in pregnancy occur in the third trimester or early postpartum period. Gallstones account for 65–100% of cases. Conservative management remains the first-line approach, particularly in the first trimester. However, recurrence rates up to 70% with conservative therapy alone have prompted a reevaluation of surgical timing. Recent studies support the safety of cholecystectomy during the second trimester and even during stabilized mild to moderate AP. In the third trimester, ERCP with endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy is preferred, with cholecystectomy deferred postpartum. Multidisciplinary management has significantly improved maternal and neonatal outcomes in recent years.

Conclusion

Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy remains a rare but serious condition requiring timely diagnosis and multidisciplinary care. Recent innovations support the safety and efficacy of cholecystectomy laparascopyce during the second trimester and even in selected stabilized cases of mild acute pancreatitis. Personalized management strategies based on gestational age and disease severity, along with minimally invasive techniques like ERCP, offer improved maternal and fetal outcomes.
Laparascopi Colecystectomy prevens the recurrent acute pancreatitis and other complications billiaris.
No differenc in the intra and postoperative complications during and after pregnancy.

References

1. Forsmark CE, Vege SS, Wilcox CM. Acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(20):1972–81.
2. Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, Vege SS. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(9):1400–15.
3. Yokoe M, Takada T, Mayumi T, et al. Japanese guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis: JPN Guidelines 2015. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2
4. Rosing DK, de Virgilio C. Early cholecystectomy for mild gallstone pancreatitis: time for a paradigm shift
   

Disclosure

Taibe Haziri
*University Clinical Center University of Kosovo*

Introduction

​Pancreatic fibrosis (PF), a pathological hallmark of chronic pancreatitis, serves as a critical mediator in the progression of numerous pancreatic disorders. Early identification of fibrotic changes presents a strategic opportunity to intervene in disease pathways, potentially curbing the advancement of pancreatic pathologies. It makes research of non-invasive radiological PF assessment perspective.

Aims & Methods

Aim of our study was to evaluate the possibility of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) post-processing parameters in PF grade assessment.
Methods. Results of contrast-enhanced 128-row MDCT from 165 patients (mean age 57.9±13.5) who underwent surgery from April 2022 to February 2024 due to pancreatic tumors and advanced chronic pancreatitis were analyzed. We calculated contrast enhancement ratio (CR) between venous phase (VP) and non-contrast MDCT, and normalized CR (NCR) during the pancreatic phase (PP) and VP, also we measured pancreas attenuation during MDCT examination. PF morphological grade was assessed according to Klöppel & Maillet’s scoring system [1] and scaled into three grades: mild, moderate and severe PF.
This study was conducted within the healthcare research project “Assessment of pancreatic fibrosis as a prognostic factor for its diseases course” funded by Autonomous non-profit organization "Moscow Center for Innovative Technologies in Healthcare" administered by the Moscow Healthcare Department.

Results

The values of post-processing CT results were compared in groups with different degrees of PF. Mean CR were significantly higher (p=0.001) in patients with severe PF (CR 1.16±0.65 HU) than in patients with mild PF (CR 0.78±0.31 HU). CR significant increase (p=0.03) was found in patients with signs of inflammatory changes in the pancreas tissue (CR 1.14±0.6 HU) than in those without them (CR 0.81±0.3 HU). There were no significant differences between the NCRPP and NCRVP, and the degree of PF, which we had shown in publications of our preliminary results. We suppose the main reason of this fact is study groups enlargement as well as measurement technique improvement, led to results clarification.

Conclusion

The CR value increased in patients with severe degree of PF and decreased in patients with mild PF. Also, there was a significant relation between CR increase and presence of early signs of pancreatic inflammatory changes. Thus, there was a relationship between MDCT postprocessing results and morphological signs of PF, which can be used for pancreatic fibrosis non-invasive diagnosis and identification of additional signs of early chronic pancreatitis.

References

1. Esposito I, Hruban RH, Verbeke C, et al. Guidelines on the histopathology of chronic pancreatitis. Recommendations from the working group for the international consensus guidelines for chronic pancreatitis in collaboration with the International Association of Pancreatology, the American Pancreatic Association, the Japan Pancreas Society, and the European Pancreatic Club. Pancreatology. 2020;20(4):586-593. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2020.04.009

Introduction

Вasic anatomical and functional unit of the epithelial barrier of the small intestine is enterocyte, which plays a key role in assimilation processes nutrients. Therefore, understanding the processes of structure regeneration mucous membrane of the small intestine in celiac disease is of paramount importance meaning.

Aims & Methods

To study the effect of permeability markers (I-FABP of blood serum and fecal zonulin) in patients with celiac disease with atrophy of the mucous membrane of the small intestine.
151 patients with celiac disease was examined: the median (Me) age of those examined was 42 years (Q25-Q75: 30–56 years) (25 (16.6%) men; women - 126 (83.4%). Depending on adherence to AGD, patients were divided into 3 groups: Group I-newly diagnosed patients without AGD (n=58); Group II- patients who do not strictly adhere to AGD (n=38); Group III- patients carefully observing AGD for periods from 6 months to 15 years (n=55). Also serum Fatty-Acid-Binding Protein-I - 1-FABP and zonulin in feces were studied. The reference values for zonulin in feces were 83.15 ng/ml. Reference values for I-FABP determined in the control group are 845 pg/ml.

Results

A significant increase in the level of I-FABP (Me 2045 pg/ml (1690–2350)) in group I compared to the control group (p <0.01). High rates were observed in patients of group I, and averaged 111.6 ng/ml (103.1–124), which was significantly higher than in the control group (p <0.01). The highest levels of I-FABP were observed in patients with the most severe degree of atrophy (Marsh III (A-C)). The level of I-FABP was significantly different from the control depending on the degree of villous atrophy: with atrophy corresponding to Marsh IIIA - median: 1310 pg/ml, (1212-1461 pg/ml), with atrophy corresponding to Marsh IIIB - median: 2090 pg/ml ml, (1812-2322 pg/ml), and for atrophy corresponding to Marsh IIIC - median: 2058 pg/ml, (1858-2678 pg/ml). The highest levels of fecal zonulin were found in patients with the most severe atrophy (Marsh III (A-C)). As follows from the presented data, the level of zonulin was significantly different from the control depending on the degree of villous atrophy: with partial atrophy (Marsh IIIA) - median: 97.5 ng/ml, (90-105 ng/ml), with subtotal atrophy (Marsh IIIB) ) - median: 107 ng/ml, (96.5-117 ng/ml), and with total (Marsh IIIC) - median: 113.7 ng/ml, (104-128.8 ng/ml).

Conclusion

The average values of I-FABP and zonulin correlated with the degree of mucosa atrophy (p<0.01). Each of the studied non-invasive markers of intestinal permeability (serum I-FABP and fecal zonulin) reflects its own level and degree of damage to the STC in patients with celiac disease and can be used in clinical practice to assess ongoing structural changes in STC during a gluten-free diet.

Disclosure

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.