Introduction
The fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is the preferred non-endoscopic test in programmatic screening worldwide. Compared to other methods, FIT may be better accepted with higher participation rates, which may counteract its lower one-time sensitivities. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to ascertain participation patterns, participation rates, and FIT performance in organized multi-round FIT-based screening programs worldwide.
Aims & Methods
We performed a systematic search using Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Participation patterns were categorized as “consistent screeners” (participation in 100% of rounds), “intermittent screeners” (including drop-outs, delayed entrants, and intermittent re-screeners), and “consistent non-screeners” (never screened). Data regarding positivity rates and detection rates for adenomas, advanced adenomas (AA), and colorectal cancer (CRC) across subsequent rounds were extracted and summary estimates were obtained. Yields were calculated for 2 populations: 1) Overall Population; 2) Consistent Screeners. A sensitivity analysis was performed including only programs with biennial screening with FIT cut-off of 20μg Hb/g feces.
Results
The literature search yielded 4,414 studies of which 25 were included. Across all studies, the fraction of the population behaving as “consistent screeners”, “consistent non-screeners”, and “intermittent screeners” was 47.1%, 30.3%, and 22.7%, respectively. For the overall population, FIT-positivity from the 1st through 4th rounds was 6.7%, 5.5%, 5.4%, and 5.3%; and detection rates were 5.8%, 3.3%, 2.9%, and 2.5% for CRC; 32.8%, 28.3%, 22.7% and 23% for AA; 48.6%, 46.2%, 48.7% and 44.6% for adenoma. For Consistent Screeners, FIT-positivity across studies from the 1st through 4th rounds was 6.4%, 4.8%, 4.1%, and 3.6%, respectively; and detection rates were 6.9%, 4.6%, 3.6%, and 3.1% for CRC; 38.7%, 30.6%, 28.2% and 24.9% for AA; 53.4%, 46.7%, 42.6% and 42.4% for adenoma. Similar trends were observed for biennial screening with FIT cut-off of 20μg Hb/g feces.
Conclusion
Organized multi-round FIT-based CRC screening programs achieve consistent participation in a minority of participants, and a sizeable proportion of the population do not initiate screening at all after multiple offers. Among those participating, FIT-positivity, and yields for CRC, AA, and adenoma are highest in the 1st round, but may stabilize at a clinically relevant steady state at rounds 3+.
References
1. Doria-Rose VP, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, McCarthy S, Puricelli-Perin DM, Butera V, Segnan N, et al. Measures of longitudinal adherence to fecal-based colorectal cancer screening: Literature review and recommended approaches. Int J Cancer. 2021 Jul 15;149(2):316–26.
2. Duncan A, Turnbull D, Wilson C, Osborne JM, Cole SR, Flight I, et al. Behavioural and demographic predictors of adherence to three consecutive faecal occult blood test screening opportunities: A population study. BMC Public Health. 2014 Mar 7;14(1).