Capsule endoscopy is a noninvasive technique intended for studying the small bowel and/or colon. The capsule endoscope consists of a small, wireless, pill-sized camera that can be swallowed and allows direct visualization of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The design of the capsule differs depending on the part of the gastrointestinal tract to be studied. The small-bowel capsule has one optical dome and is generally used in patients who have suspected bleeding or to identify evidence of active Crohn’s disease. By contrast, the colon capsule has two optical domes, a higher frame rate and can be considered as an alternative to conventional colonoscopy, especially for cases when the examination was incomplete. There is also a new capsule with two optical domes that is designed for the panendoscopic study of both the small bowel and colon. 

Colonoscopy is a complex procedure requiring both technical and non-technical skills. Performing colonoscopy also requires manual and visuospatial skills, interpretation of pathology, patient communication and a wide range of advanced therapeutic technologies. The clinical intention of colonoscopy must be individualised, and diagnostic and/or therapeutic intent rationalised, given the procedures invasive nature and associated risks. Furthermore, each colonoscopy differs due to patient factors, sedation strategy, anatomical configuration, technical challenges and endoscopist skills. Endoscopists must, therefore, demonstrate a wide range of expertise whilst working effectively in a team to manage the patient safely. It is not, therefore, surprising that mistakes in colonoscopy can occur. This article focuses on six common mistakes in colonoscopy that can be avoided to improve the procedure's safety and deliver a high-quality procedure. This, in turn, can reduce the rates of post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PCCRC) and improve patient experience and adherence to colonoscopy surveillance programmes. This article is based on evidence in conjunction with our collective clinical and research experience of errors in endoscopy and patient safety.

Examination of the pancreas and biliary and digestive structures by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can be tricky and using it to make a diagnosis can be challenging. Understanding anatomical variations and postoperative modifications is vital when undertaking EUS, as is choosing the correct linear echoendoscope for the structures being examined (e.g. the hilum of the liver versus the tail of the pancreas). There can also be difficulties with tissue acquisition related to tumour location and internal structures, and there are situations when sampling is contraindicated. Consideration also needs to be given to the use of contrast with special settings and difficulties in differential diagnosis (pancreatic solid lesions, indeterminate biliary strictures, gastric neuroendocrine tumours). The role of EUS assessment after neoadjuvant therapy should also be considered. Here we discuss the most frequent mistakes that are made in pancreatobiliary and digestive EUS imaging. 

Cholangioscopy is a minimally invasive, endoscopic technique that allows direct visualisation of the bile ducts, facilitating both diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. It is a useful tool in managing biliary diseases, allowing characterisation and tissue acquisition for strictures of undetermined aetiology, facilitating extension assessment for biliary cancer and providing intraductal lithotripsy for complex biliary stones.