Introduction

Disorders of brain gut interaction (DBGI) including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD), and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) including reflux oesophagitis (RE) and non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) are all prevalent in the general population. It is well established that many patients with GERD also report a DGBI, an overlap not due to chance [1]. Psychological comorbidity is known to be strongly associated with DGBI [2]. Individuals with GERD also report elevated rates of anxiety and depression. Those with overlapping DGBI and GERD have poorer physical and mental health outcomes [3-4]. Whether the psychological comorbidity seen in GERD is due to the overlap with DGBI or is a direct result of the condition itself remains unclear.

Aims & Methods

To investigate in a large sample of primary care patients whether the overlap of IBS and/or FD with RE and NERD explains the apparent link between GERD and anxiety/depression or whether the link is independent of DGBI presence. Data were collected from a retrospective study of 1,256,331 patients at general practices in the United Kingdom. A diagnosis of RE was defined as reflux with the presence of documented oesophagitis and NERD as reflux in the absence of oesophagitis. Psychological comorbidity was a diagnosis of anxiety or depression. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association of psychological comorbidity and a diagnosis of IBS and/or FD and RE and NERD, adjusting for the other disorder along with age at first contact and sex.

Results

Approximately 13.4% (95%CI 13.36,13.49) of patients reported a diagnosis of IBS, 20.7% (95%CI 20.67,20.81) FD, 4.2% (95%CI 4.19,4.27) RE and 5.1% (95%CI 5.09,5.17) NERD. Psychological comorbidity was significantly higher in patients with RE versus no RE (40.0% vs 24.4%, P<0.001), NERD versus no NERD (39.7% vs 24.2%, P<0.001) and IBS and/or FD (38.9% vs 18.6%, P<0.001). Psychological comorbidity was significantly associated with RE (OR=2.07; 95%CI 2.03,2.11, P<0.0001) and NERD (OR=2.06;95%CI 2.02,2.09, P<0.0001). However, this effect was reduced once IBS and/or FD was adjusted for in the models for both RE (OR=1.52; 95%CI 1.49,1.55, P<0.0001) and NERD (OR=1.53; 95%CI 1.50,1.55, P<0.0001) and persisted when age and sex were controlled for in the analysis for RE (OR=1.55, 95%CI 1.52,1.57, P<0.001) and NERD (OR=1.52; 95%CI 1.50,1.55, P<0.0001). With respect to IBS and/FD, psychological comorbidity was a significant independent predictor of an IBS and/or FD diagnosis (OR=2.79, 95%CI 2.77, 2.82, P<0.001). The likelihood of psychological comorbidity predicting an IBS and/or FD diagnosis remained more than twice as high even after controlling for RE (OR=2.72, 95%CI 2.70, 2.74, P<0.0001) and NERD (OR=2.71;95%CI2.68,2.73, P<0.0001) and age and sex along with RE (OR=2.49; 95%CI 2.47,2.51, P<0.000) and NERD (OR=2.48; 95%CI 2.46,2.50, P<0.0001).

Conclusion

In a large sample of primary care patients, the association of IBS/FD and psychological comorbidity is independent of reflux oesophagitis (RE) and NERD, but the link between RE and NERD with anxiety/depression is partly explained by IBS/FD presence.

References

1. Jones MP, et al. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022 Sep;34(9):e14349.
2. Zamani M, et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Jul;50(2):132-143.
3. Li P, Tang Y, Liu L, Yang L, et al. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025 Mar 5;25(1):136.\
4. Lee SW, Chang CS. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 Apr 30;27(2):176-184.

Introduction

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is essential for managing liver transplant complications. Dilations, stent placement, and stone removal are typically performed during these procedures. Post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) occurs in 5-8% of the general population, but its incidence in liver transplant (LT) patients remains undefined. This special group exhibits characteristics that warrant dedicated analysis (immunosuppression, altered anatomy and complexity of ERCP). Conflicting data exist in literature and risk factors in LT patients are poorly understood. This study aims to clarify the incidence of PEP in this population and identify specific risk factors for its development.

Aims & Methods

A total of 189 patients (271 ERCPs) were analyzed between 2022 and 2024. The first part of the study included 75 LT recipients; the second part evaluated the general population composed of 75 LT and 114 non LT. Data collected included demographics, medical history, procedural details and PEP occurrence. Statistical analysis comprise univariate and multivariate models, adjusting for repeated procedures on the same patient when necessary.

Results

The incidence of PEP in LT patients is significantly higher (21.3%) compared to non-LT patients (8.7%). Liver transplantation was a notable risk factor for PEP (p=0.014), with a trend in multivariate analysis (OR=2.29; p=0.078). Difficult cannulation strongly correlated with PEP in both groups, particularly in LT patients (OR=4.86; p=0.013). In LT recipients, female sex (OR=3.11; p=0.094), shorter transplantation-to-ERCP interval, and dual immunosuppressive therapy showed a potential risk association. Conversely, prior biliary stent placement reduced PEP risk (OR=0.131; p=0.001).

Conclusion

LT recipients have a higher PEP risk due to procedural and patient-specific factors. Female sex plays a greater role than in the general population, while dual immunosuppressive therapy and shorter time from transplant are potential risk factors. Conversely, biliary stents provide a possible protective effect. These findings underscore the need for a larger sample size to validate emerging risk factors and develop targeted preventive strategies.

References

1. Catron TD, Shipley L, Johnson D, et al. Differences in post-ERCP adverse event rates between post-liver trans-
plant patients and patients with native hepatobiliary anatomy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2019
2. Li GZ, Wang F, Fang J, Zha HL, Zhao Q. Risk Factors for Post-Endoscopic Retrograde
Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis: Evidence from 1786 Cases. Med Sci Monit. 2018
3. Ambrus RB, Svendsen LB, Hillingsø JG, Hansen ML, Achiam MP. Post-endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreaticography complications in liver transplanted patients, a single-center experience. Scand J
Surg. 2015

Introduction

Gastrointestinal endoscopy advancements have improved diagnostics and treatment but also increased the risk of adverse events, potentially affecting the psychological well-being of practitioners. This study aims to assess the psychological state experienced by Portuguese gastroenterologists following endoscopic adverse events in endoscopic procedures.

Aims & Methods

A nationwide online survey was conducted between November 2024 and January 2025, with invitations sent to all registered Portuguese gastroenterologists (n=709). Psychological state was assessed using validated scales assessing psychological distress (DASS-21), professional quality of life (ProQOL-5), self-compassion (SCS-12), and shame feelings (OAS2). Results are presented as median (Mdn) and interquartile range (IQR).

Results

Seventy gastroenterologists participated in the study (Mdn age 41 years; experience 11 years; both IQR 11), with a 9.87% participation rate. Nearly all (n=69) had encountered adverse events, with most reporting 1–5 incidents. None sought psychological support after the adverse events, 6 faced legal repercussions, and 3 discontinued specific techniques. DASS-21 had a Mdn of 6.00 (IQR 12.00) for stress (mild if <10), 4.00 (IQR 8.00) for anxiety (mild if <6), and 4.00 (IQR 6.00) for depression (mild if <10). ProQOL-5’s total score Mdn was 41.00 (IQR 6.50) for compassion satisfaction, 25.5 (IQR 7.00) for burnout, and 24.00 (IQR 6.25) for traumatic stress, all within the moderate range (23–41). OAS2 shame score was 16.00 (IQR 7.30). Self-compassion showed a Mdn of 3.46 (IQR 1.00; moderate if 2.3–3.5). Gastroenterologists with legal repercussions had higher compassion satisfaction (52.50 vs. 33.33; p = 0.025). Those who discontinued procedures reported higher anxiety levels (56.17 vs. 31.88; p = 0.026), but no other significant differences were found.

Conclusion

This is the first published study assessing the psychological state of adverse events on gastroenterologists. While most reported mild to moderate distress, legal repercussions were associated with higher compassion satisfaction, and stopping procedures correlated with higher anxiety. Findings suggest a need for psychological support after endoscopic adverse events, and for research on their impact on gastroenterologists.

Introduction

EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) is a novel technique that allows internal drainage of the biliary system via the stomach. This approach may be of value in patients with duodenal obstruction, surgically altered anatomy, or in hilar strictures with inadequate drainage of the left hepatic duct by other techniques (1, 2). However, this procedure has a high technical complexity and until recently no dedicated stents were available exposing the patient to adverse events such as the risk of biliary leakage and stent migration (3). A partially covered self-expanding metallic stent (pcSEMS) with anti-migration flaps may overcome these risks. So far, the available data on the use of this specific stent is limited, and prospective studies are particularly missing.

Aims & Methods

Aim of this study was to assess the safety and feasibility of EUS-HGS in patients with an inoperable malignant biliary obstruction, with the use of this dedicated stent. This prospective single-center study included patients with inoperable malignant biliary obstruction that underwent an EUS-HGS. Patients were ineligible in case of uncontrolled coagulopathy, tumor infiltration in the gastric wall, intervening blood vessels or extensive amount of ascites. Procedure was performed with a 10cmx10mm pcSEMS (Giobor stent, Taewoong Medical). Primary outcome was safety, defined as rate of procedural related adverse events (AEs) and mortality <30 days. Technical and clinical success rate were evaluated as secondary endpoints, defined as successful deployment of the stent in the intended location and at least 50% decrease of bilirubin <14 days.

Results

Between January 2022 and July 2024, 25 patients (14 female [56%], median age 70 years [IQR 64-76]) were included. Reason to perform EUS-HGS included duodenal obstruction (n=12), altered anatomy (n=6) or failed drainage of the left hepatic duct by ERCP (n=7). In 21/25 patients EUS-HGS was technically successful (84%). In one patient the procedure was aborted due to a self-limiting bleeding after puncture of the bile duct, in one patient due to unsuccessful cannulation of the central bile duct and in two patients the cholangiogram showed previously unidentified intrahepatic strictures that precluded adequate drainage by EUS-HGS. No severe periprocedural AEs occurred. Three patients (14%) were re-admitted with presumed cholangitis <30 days after the procedure; two with undrained right-sided bile ducts for which a percutaneous drain was placed, and one patient due to obstruction of the bile duct branches by the covered part of the stent, for which an endoscopic re-intervention was performed replacing the Giobor stent by a fully covered and uncovered SEMS. Five patients died within 30 days due to fulminant disease progression. None of these patients experienced procedural related AEs. Clinical success was achieved in 18/19 (95%) patients with technical success and follow-up of at least two weeks. Six out of the 18 patients with clinical success developed recurrent biliary obstruction after a mean of 105 days (SD 80). Obstruction was caused by hyperplasia at the uncovered portion of the stent (n=3) and due to sludge obstructing the stent (n=3). Successful re-intervention was performed in all patients.

Conclusion

This prospective study shows that EUS-HGS with a dedicated partially covered stent is feasible and safe. Tissue hyperplasia in the uncovered part of the stent and sludge obstruction may compromise long-term stent patency. Larger, comparative studies addressing stent design and timing of EUS-HGS are eagerly awaited.

References

1. Pawa, S., et al., American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on the role of therapeutic EUS in the management of biliary tract disorders: summary and recommendations. Gastrointest Endosc, 2024.
2. van der Merwe, S.W., et al., Therapeutic endoscopic ultrasound: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy, 2022. 54(2): p. 185-205.
3. Binda, C., et al., Efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy: a meta-regression analysis. Endoscopy, 2024. 56(9): p. 694-705

Clinical Case Summary

We report a case of a 71-year-old male, former heavy smoker with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea, admitted with headache, fatigue, anorexia, and persistent cough. Initial blood tests showed hemoglobin 12.7 g/dL and elevated C-reactive protein (145.4 mg/L). Chest CT revealed a spiculated lingular nodule (37×28 mm) with pulmonary and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Bronchoscopy confirmed non-small cell lung carcinoma (adenosquamous subtype). Staging PET-CT demonstrated widespread metastases (lungs, liver, adrenals, bones, peritoneum, muscles), and brain MRI identified cerebral involvement.
During hospitalization, the patient developed melena with hemoglobin dropping to 7.1 g/dL. Upper GI endoscopy was negative. Ileocolonoscopy revealed multiple clots and a friable, infiltrative lesion in the terminal ileum (25 cm from ileocecal valve) with active low-grade bleeding. Hemostasis was successfully achieved using argon plasma coagulation (APC).
The final diagnosis was mid-gastrointestinal bleeding due to small bowel metastasis from lung cancer. Given the extent of disease, palliative care and oncology follow-up were arranged. No further bleeding episodes occurred post-intervention.
This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of small bowel metastases as a rare cause of GI bleeding. It emphasizes the role of endoscopic therapy as an effective, minimally invasive palliative strategy to control bleeding and improve patient quality of life, avoiding surgical intervention in advanced oncologic settings.
Points toiscuss:
• Recognition of small bowel metastasis in patients with known malignancy presenting with GI bleeding.
• The utility of ileocolonoscopy in diagnosing mid-GI bleeding sources.
• Endoscopic management (APC) as a palliative tool in metastatic disease.
Illustrative Material:
• Ileocolonoscopy image of terminal ileum metastatic lesion.
• PET-CT scan showing metastatic spread.

Introduction

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by esophageal dysfunction and eosinophilic inflammation of the esophageal mucosa. In this study, we investigated the bacterial flora in saliva and esophageal mucus in patients with EoE and examined the relationship between EoE disease activity and mucosal cytokine expression.

Aims & Methods

Cases consisted of patients with active and inactive EoE (A-EoE and I-EoE, respectively). A-EoE was defined as a peak eosinophil count > 15/high-power field, according to the 2025 consensus guidelines. Saliva samples were collected from the patients before the endoscopic examination. Brushing samples were collected from the distal esophagus of patients with EoE during endoscopic procedures. The degree of EoE inflammation was assessed using the EoE endoscopic reference score (EREFS). The samples were profiled using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The V3–V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene (460 bp) were amplified by using tailed PCR.

Results

Fifty-nine patients were enrolled, including 8 with I-EoE, 17 with A-EoE, and 28 non-EoE controls. Major bacterial genera, such as Streptococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella, and Alloprevotera, were detected in both the oral cavity and esophagus. Compared with the control group, the active EoE group had significantly more Prevotella spp. in the saliva and esophageal mucosa. Conversely, significantly fewer Neisseria spp. were found in the saliva and Streptococcus spp. in the esophageal mucosa of patients with active EoE. The EREFS of EoE and Streptococcus were inversely correlated.

Conclusion

In this study, we clarified the characteristics of the bacterial flora in the saliva and esophageal mucosa of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis.

Introduction

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a well-recognized decompensation that significantly affects the clinical outcome of patients with liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study is to assess the factors associated with short-term mortality in this patient population.

Aims & Methods

We conducted a retrospective study (January 2022 to December 2024) on all cirrhotic patients with SBP, admitted in the Gastroenterology Department of “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, a tertiary referral center. The SBP cases were identified based on elevated ascitic fluid absolute PMN count > 250 cells/mm³, with or without positive ascitic fluid bacterial culture.

Results

Out of the 114 cirrhotic patients diagnosed with SBP for the first time, 39 (34,2%) were female and 75 (65,8%) were male, with a mean age of 57 years. Most patients had advanced liver disease according to the Child-Pugh classification: 98 patients (86%) were classified as Child C, and 16 patients (14%) as Child B. The mean MELD-Na score was 23.3 points. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 17.5% (20 patients). According to the multivariable analysis, several factors were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality, such as: renal dysfunction (OR 8.4118 [95% CI 2.9190 to 24.2403]; P=0.0001), serum bilirubin higher than 3 mg/dl (OR 4.8571 [95% CI 1.7445 to 13.5216]; P=0.0025), serum sodium lower than 130 mmol/l (OR 4.3750 [95% CI 1.5973 to 11.9833]; P=0.0041), international normalized ration (INR) higher than 2 (OR 4.5222 [95% CI 1.6471 to 12.4161]; P=0.0034).

Conclusion

Renal dysfunction, elevated INR, hyperbilirubinemia, and hyponatremia appear to be significant factors associated with the worsening of prognosis in cirrhotic patients with SBP, influencing in-hospital mortality.