INTRODUCTION

Diet is gaining recognition amongst clinicians, researchers, and the inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] community as a potential modifier to change the course of the disease. The role of diet in the management of IBD has evolved beyond adjustment for nutritional needs and is now applied as therapy to influence disease activity and complications. With growing recognition of diet, there is a demand for high-quality dietary research to guide practice and consideration on where to best position diet in the treatment paradigm. This has led to the commissioning of this first European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] consensus on dietary management of IBD, with the goal of providing evidence-based recommendations to guide clinical practice.

Summary

Extrahepatic abdominal surgery in patients with cirrhosis of the liver represents a growing clinical challenge due to the increasing prevalence of chronic liver disease and improved long-term survival of these patients. The presence of cirrhosis significantly increases the risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality following abdominal surgery. Advances in preoperative risk stratification, surgical techniques, and perioperative care have led to better outcomes, yet integration of these improvements into routine clinical practice is needed. These clinical practice guidelines provide comprehensive recommendations for the assessment and perioperative management of patients with cirrhosis undergoing extrahepatic abdominal surgery. An individualised patient-centred risk assessment by a multidisciplinary team including hepatologists, surgeons, anaesthesiologists, and other support teams is essential.

Main recommendations

1 ESGE recommends small-bowel capsule endoscopy as the first-line examination, before consideration of other endoscopic and radiological diagnostic tests for suspected small-bowel bleeding, given the excellent safety profile of capsule endoscopy, its patient tolerability, and its potential to visualize the entire small-bowel mucosa.
Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.

2 ESGE recommends small-bowel capsule endoscopy in patients with over suspected small-bowel bleeding as soon as possible after the bleeding episode, ideally within 48 hours, to maximize the diagnostic and subsequent therapeutic yield.
Strong recommendation, high quality evidence.

3 ESGE does not recommend routine second-look endoscopy prior to small-bowel capsule endoscopy in patients with suspected small-bowel bleeding or iron-deficiency anemia.
Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.

4 ESGE recommends conservative management in those patients with suspected small-bowel bleeding and high quality negative small-bowel capsule endoscopy.
Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.

5 ESGE recommends device-assisted enteroscopy to confirm and possibly treat lesions identified by small-bowel capsule endoscopy.
Strong recommendation, high quality evidence.

6 ESGE recommends the performance of small-bowel capsule endoscopy as a first-line examination in patients with iron-deficiency anemia when small bowel evaluation is indicated.
Strong recommendation, high quality evidence.

7 ESGE recommends small-bowel capsule endoscopy in patients with suspected Crohn’s disease and negative ileocolonoscopy findings as the initial diagnostic modality for investigating the small bowel, in the absence of obstructive symptoms or known bowel stenosis.
Strong recommendation, high quality evidence.

8 ESGE recommends, in patients with unremarkable or nondiagnostic findings from dedicated small-bowel crosssectional imaging, small-bowel capsule endoscopy as a subsequent investigation if deemed likely to influence patient management.
Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.

9 ESGE recommends, in patients with established Crohn’s disease, the use of a patency capsule before small-bowel capsule endoscopy to decrease the capsule retention rate.
Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.

10 ESGE recommends device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE) as an alternative to surgery for foreign bodies retained in the small bowel requiring retrieval in patients without acute intestinal obstruction.
Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.

11 ESGE recommends DAE-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (DAE-ERCP) as a first-line endoscopic approach to treat pancreaticobiliary diseases in patients with surgically altered anatomy (except for Billroth II patients).
Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.

Summary

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease of unknown aetiology which may affect any patient irrespective of age, sex, or ethnicity. At baseline, the clinical spectrum of the disease varies largely from asymptomatic cases to acute liver failure with massive hepatocyte necrosis. The aim of these EASL guidelines is to provide updated guidance on the diagnosis and management of AIH both in adults and children. Updated guidance on the management of patients with variants and specific forms of AIH is also provided, as is detailed guidance on the management of AIH-associated cirrhosis, including surveillance for portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as liver transplantation in decompensated cirrhosis.

Keywords

Autoimmune hepatitis; Autoantibodies; Variant syndromes; Immunosuppression; Azathioprine; Mycophenolate mofetil